Flashcards
chapter 8
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- 1John Dollard, Neal Miller, and BF Skinnerbehavior and learning theorists who emphasize experience and learning as the primary forces that shape human behavior.
- 2Dollard and Millertheir orientation has been called psychoanalytic learning theory because it is a creative attempt to bring together the basic concepts of Freudian laboratory research on learning and behavior.
- 3radical behaviorismSkinner exposed this. Believing that a stimulus-response theory of psychology can account for all of he overt behaviors that psychologists seek to explain, Skinner omitted the psychoanalytic underpinnings and simply relied on behaviorist principles.
- 4empiricismbehavior and learning theories have their roots in a philosophical point of view aka empiricism. This suggests that all knowledge originated in experience.
- 5John Watsonthe father of American behaviorism, expanded classical conditioning into a theory of behaviorism in which he recommended that psychology emphasize the study of overt rather than covert behavior.
- 6law of effectEdwin Thorndike.
He formulated many important laws of learning. The law is particularly important for law of effect, which states that when a behavior or performance is accompanied by frustration, it tends to decrease. The law of effect is not necessarily universal. Sometimes frustration leads to increased efforts to perform. - 7Dollard and Milleremphasize the role of learning and place less stress on personality structure. They suggest that the structure of personality can be defined very simply as habits.
- 8habits (in context of Dollard and Millers)In the context of Dollard and Miller's theory, habit refers to some kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently.
- 9drive reductionthe primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits is drive reduction.
- 10drivea drive is a strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger. Hull believed that learning occurs only if a response of an organism is followed by the reduction of some need or drive.
- 11primary drivethose associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival, such as the drives of hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep.
- 12secondary driveslearned on the basis of primary ones. Dollard and Miller consider them to be elaborations of the primary drives.
- 13reinforcerany event that increases the likelihood of a particular response.
- 14primary reinforcersthose that reduce primary drives, such as food, water, or need for sleep.
- 15secondary reinforcersoriginally neutral, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers.
- 16reflexreflex responses are automatic responses to specific to specific stimuli.
- 17hierarchy of responserefers to a tendency for certain responses to occur before others.
- 18the orderdrive->cue->response->reinforcement
- 19frustration and conflictfrustration-occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked
conflict- if the frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occuring ar the same time, it is described as one of conflict. - 20unconscious processesIn their attempt to integrate learning theory and psychoanalysis, Dollard and Miller adapted many Freudian concepts and reconceived them in learning theory terms. They appreciated the importance of unconscious forces underlying human behavior, but they redefined the concept of unconscious processes in terms of their own theory.
- 21psychotherapytherapy involved unlearning old, ineffective, unproductive habits and substituting new, more adaptive, and productive responses. For example, fear, a learnable drive that reinforces responses that reduce it, can motivate either adaptive or maladaptive behavior.
- 22reciprocal inhibitionWolpe developed the principles of reciprocal inhibition, which entails the introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response, and SYNTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION, in which a patiient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute a new reponse
- 23specific behaviorcomplex, rather than reflex, behaviors that occur in all members of a species.
- 24overt behaviorFor Skinner, the term personality was ultimately superfluous because overt behavior can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment.
- 25skinner suggestedthat we concentrate on the environmental consequences that determine and maintain an individuals behavior.
- 26"fictions"the effort to understand or explain behavior in terms of internal structures such as personality or ego is to speak about "fictions" because such structures cannot be directly observed.
- 27genetic mechanismsskinner did not deny genetic mechanisms or the role of evolution in behavior. He was well aware of them and acknowledged biological participation in behavior
- 28respondent behaviorrefers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli
- 29operant behaviorsresponses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present
- 30operant conditioningsthese consequences determine whether or not the response will be repeated. Skinner believed that the process of operant conditionings is of far greater significance than simple classical conditioning.
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- Flashcards on chapter 8, created by Nilska Guerrero on 03/10/2017.
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- Nilska Guerrero · Oct 2017
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- Oct 3, 2017
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