Flashcards

DNA Synthesis, Transcription, and Translation

badern Biology Undergraduate English 4.7Average rating 4.7 out of 5 (3 ratings) 53 cards

Cards in this deck (53)

1molecular geneticsthe use of DNA as a code for proteins
2DNAdeoxyribose nucleic acid;
a double helix structure composed of nucleotides that store genetic information
3central dogmastates that genetic information can be transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins
4transcriptiongenetic information in a molecule of DNA is used as a template to generate a molecule of RNA;
takes place in the nucleus
5translationa molecule of RNA is used as code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein;
takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
6nucleotidesDNA and RNA subunits that consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a base, and one or more phosphate groups;
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (for DNA);
same for RNA, except uracil is used instead of thymine
7purinesdouble ring structures;
G and A
8pyrimidinessingle ring structures;
C, U, and T
9T (nucleotide pairs with...)A
10G (nucleotide pairs with...)C
11U (nucleotide pairs with...)A
12peptide bondscovalent bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
13primary structurethe order of amino acids in translation (peptide bonds)
14secondary structurehydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups;
alpha helices and beta sheets
15tertiary and quarternary structureinteractions between side chains and carboxyl/R groups;
includes ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions;
produces overall shape and function of the protein
16promotersequence on DNA that starts transcription
17terminatorsequence on DNA that ends transcription
18RNA polymeraseenzyme that splits DNA in transcription and synthesizes the mRNA strand
19Direction RNA polymerase reads DNA in transcription3' to 5'
20Direction mRNA is synthesized in transcription5' to 3'
21location of transcriptionnucleus
22template strandstrand of DNA the RNA polymerase codes
23nontemplate strandstrand of DNA that RNA polymerase does not code
24hydrogen bondsbond between H and N, O, or F
25hydrophobic interactionsbonds usually between C and H;
water-fearing interactions
26ionic bondselectron exchange between atoms;
negative and positive charges present
27start codonthree nucleotides that start translation;
AUG (Met)
28stop codonthree nucleotide sequence that stops translation
29Direction mRNA is read by the ribosome in translation5' to 3'
30polypeptide chainbonded amino acids produced at the ribosome that later forms the protein
31tRNA landing and exiting sites in the ribsomeE (exit), P (peptidyl), A (aminoacyl; acceptor)
32missensepoint mutation of a single nucleotide that changes the amino acid
33Nonsensepoint mutation that changes one nucleotide which changes the amino acid to a stop codon (i.e., causes early termination)
34silentpoint mutation that changes one nucelotide but does not change the amino acid
35insertionframeshift mutation that adds an extra nucleotide and affects each subsequent amino acid
36deletionframeshift mutation that deletes a nucleotide and affects subsequent amino acids
37DNA replicationsemi-conservative (each new DNA molecule has one strand from the original DNA molecule) synthesis of a DNA molecule into two identical DNA molecules
38direction DNA polymerase reads DNA strands in DNA synthesis3' to 5'
39direction DNA is synthesized from DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis5' to 3'
40originlocation where DNA synthesis begins
41helicaseunwinds the DNA in DNA synthesis
42topoisomeraserelieves stress on the DNA strands as helicase breaks the strands apart
43primaseenzyme that make primers
44ligaseconnects Okazaki fragments on the laggin strand
45Okazaki fragmentsfragments of DNA on the lagging strand
46location of DNA synthesisnucleus
47location of translationcytoplasm (on ribosomes)
483' end of DNAhas a hydroxyl group linked to it
495' end of DNAhas a phosphate group linked to it
50DNA vs. RNA (differences between them)DNA:
double strand
nucleus bound
very big
stable
RNA:
single strand
free
very small
unstable
51DNA polymerase Ireplaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
52DNA polymerase IIIsynthesizes DNA on the leading strand
53primersRNA that allows DNA polymerase I to attach and synthesize DNA on the lagging strand