Flashcards
ornithology test 2
Cards in this deck (61)
- 1CalamusHollow tip of feather (quill
- 2rachismain structure down middle of feather
- 3vanearea of rachis with barbs
- 4barbs"fuzzy" part of feather
- 5barbulestiny strands extending from barbs
- 6hookletstiny hooks extending from barbules that hold barbules/barbs together like velcro
- 7Flight featherfull feather with barbules, barbs, and hookles, asymmetrical to reduce drag; AKA remiges
- 8semiplumepartially have hooklets and seal, partially do not; most middle contour feathers; aerodynamics, courtship
- 9downy featherfeather with no hooklets/rachis; warmth
- 10bristle featherrachis with no barbs; sensory
- 11filoplumelong bare rachis with tuft of downy barbs at end; sensory
- 12Tail featherFull feather that is not asymmetrical; AKA retricies
- 13feather development steps1. placode + condensation
2. placode elongation (dermal papilla)
3. follicle development (follicular cavity)
4. Feather germ (epidermal collar + keratinocytes; dermal pulp
5. Feather primordium (sheath, rachis + barb ridges, pulp) - 14feather evolution1. undifferentiated barb
2. barb ridges (downy tuft of unbranched barbs)
3. planar feather (two sided, unbranched barbs)
4. differentiation of barbules and hooklets
5. asymmetrical flight feathers - 15Biochrome PigmentsMelanin, Carotenoids, Porphyrins
- 16MelaninBlack/grey (eumelanin), reddish (phaeomelanins); form droplets in melanocyte cells, extending into dendrites; UV resistant, antibacterial, resistant to wear, thermoregulative
- 17CarotenoidsRed, yellow, orange, purple, blue; accumulate as lipid droplets; accumulate from diet (e.g. crustaceans) - better diet = brighter (Attracts mates)
- 18PorphyrinsContain iron; buffy brown/red/rust;
similar structure to hemoglobin - 19Structural ColorIridescence - barbules stained with melanin granules, surrounded by light refracting bubbles -> color change;
- 20Lake Natron, TanzaniaPink algae lake, home to flamingos
- 21Feather tracksPterylae (feathered region) vs. apteria (no feathers); major tracts - capital (head); ventral (belly + sides); spinal (back); humeral (coverts); caudal (tail)
- 22Feather carepreening (cleaning + rezipping varbules)
uropygial gland -> lipids/oils to coat feathers - 23Cryptic color patterncamoflauged, e.g. nightjar
- 24disruptive color patternlines, bars, confusing patterns (confuse predators) e.g. killdeer
- 25Countershading color patterndark dorsal vs light ventral to camouflage in air/water (e.g. penguins, hawks)
- 26Bold color patternBright colors + patterns
Territorial, mating displays - 27MoltingSeasonal change in feather coat; follows age of feather (especially flight feathers)
- 28molting patternPrimaries = middle -> tip (i.e.| --->
Secondaries = outside -> middle (i.e.
|-> <-|); use to tell age - 29psilopaedicaltricial birds = helpless, no feathers when hatched
- 30ptilopaedichatch with full down, eyes open
- 31Plumage typesJuvenile (First after down)
Basic (1st) - winter plumage
Alternate (1st) breeding plumage
Definitive Basic/alternate (2yr+) - 32Overcoming Gravity + DragHollow bones, no teeth, little fat, no bony tail
asymmetrical feather, contouring, wing shape (aerodynamic) - 33producing lift + thrustWing shape (air foil like airplane), flapping patterns
Wing position (tilted slightly up = more lift) - 34alula"finger" on tip of wing, used to manipulate airflow + produce drag when landing
- 35wing tip vorticeswing tips create spiral (upwash and downwash) when cutting through air -> v-fligth pattern reduces work for those in middle
- 36Muscle fiber metabolismRed fibers (slow twitch) - sustained flight, thin fibers, aerobic respiration, "marathon"
White fibers (fast twitch) - quick burst, thick fibers, anaerobic, "sprints" - 37Unidirectional ventilation patternUnique to birds, provide constant oxygen + no mixing; In1: trachea -> posterior air sac; Ex1: PAS -> "lungs"; In2: L -> anterior air sac; Ex2: AAS -> trachea and out
- 38Flight MusclesPectoralis = downstroke
supracoracoideus = upstroke (pully system) - 39ParabronchiBird "lungs" - many parallel tubes with countercurrent bloodflow = maximum efficiency
- 40Songbird/raptor vision2-3X better than human; wide angle; little eye movement; monocular vision + head "bobbing"
- 41sclerotic ringbone inside white of eye; function in protection/support/attachment of ciliary muscles for focus
- 42retinal oil dropletslipid droplets in retina that help focus+target light (unique)
- 43foveabirds have both central and temporal fovea -> better peripheral vision
- 44PectenVascularization area, allows for fewer blood vessels -> clearer vision
unique to birds - 45magnetic field detectionused to navigate; magnetite crystals in olfactory bulb + rhodopsin (iron containing photopigment)
- 46bird external earlack pinae; auricular feathers protect opening; ear funnel -> tympanic membrane
- 47bird middle earOnly one ossicle = columella (stapes); eustachian tubes (derived from gill arches)
- 48bird inner earcochlea = straight
organ of corti within -> hair cells + auditory nuclei
equilibrium -> semicircular canals (xyz) - 49bird hearingnarrow frequency range (high);
owl = asymmetrical ears -> pinpoint sounds - 50Bird tastepoor
- 51nasal conchaebone tubes that warm + moisturize air; more smell exposure
- 52Bird brain size6-11x that of reptiles (relative to body);
largest in corvids, parrots, woodpeckers, songbirds - 53(hyper)palliumbird cerebrum (outer layer) -> intelligence + memory; smooth; neocortex
- 54brain lateralizationLeft -> learning songs
Right -> processing stimuli - 55hippocampusspacial memory
- 56sound producing musclesexternal intercostals (pull air in); apendicostalis (spur on rib)
- 57Motor control of vocalHigh Vocal Center (nidopallium/neostratum) -> Robust nucleus (archistriatum/archopallium) -> Tracheosyringeal motor nucleus (NXIIts) -> brain stem -> syringeal muslces
- 58Areas of palliumHyperpallium (outside) -> mesopallium -> nidopallium -> archopallium -> area x (MALE ONLY)
- 59Song Learning PathwayLeft hemisphere
Anterior forebrain (Magnocellular nucleus of anterior neostriatum (MAN) + Area X ) -> High Vocal Center;
Recursive loop - 60Song Learning patternCritical period (after hatch, <1 yr, hearing song) ->
Silent period (immature male; learning in memory) ->
Subsong period (winter before first breeding; practice) ->
Full adult song - 61RepertoireAmount of various songs a bird can know
serve different purposes, shows off intelligence, prevents exhaustion
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- Environmental Studies Flashcards on ornithology test 2, created by Abby Bickle on 18/10/2018.
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- Abby Bickle
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