Flashcards
Biology Unit 3 Test
Cards in this deck (71)
- 1Define an elementA substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
- 2What are some examples of elements?Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, copper, sodium
- 3Define an atom.The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
- 4What are protons?Positively charged part of atom
- 5What are neutrons?No charge, and are in the nucleus of an atom
- 6What are electrons?Negatively charged particles that are in motion outside the nucleus of the atom
- 7Electrons are the particle that allow atoms to _____.bond together into molecules
- 8Electrons hang out in rings around the nucleus called ___, and each can only hold so many.orbitals
- 9All atoms want their outer shell to be _____. To do this, they have to _____ to _____ to complete the orbital."full" of electrons; bond with another atom; share/steal electrons
- 10You can tell how many electrons an atom has by its _____.atomic number
- 11Define a molecule. List some examples.Two or more atoms bonded together;
O2, CO2 - 12Define a compound. List an example.A molecule that contains two or more different elements;
CO2 - 13What is the molecular formula? List an example.An easy way of writing out what atoms are in a molecule;
Carbon dioxide -> CO2
(Carbon -> hydrogen -> alphabetical order) - 14Define a chemical bond.A connection formed between two atoms
- 15What is an ionic bond?One atom steals the electrons from another, then they are magnetically attracted
- 16What is a covalent bond?Two atoms sharing electrons
- 17What is an organic molecule? List some examples.A molecule that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds;
CH4, C6H12O6 - 18What is the importance of carbon?~ Likes to form 4 covalent bonds, so it bonds easily with other atoms
~ Important for LIFE - 19Define a macromolecule.Bigger molecules
- 20Define a monomer.Molecules that are small subunits of potentially bigger molecules
- 21Define a polymer.Giant molecules made out of monomers
- 22What is a single bond?A covalent bond resulting from the sharing of one pair of electrons
- 23What is a double bond?A covalent bond resulting from the sharing of two pairs of electrons
- 24What are the four types of macromolecules?Carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
- 25What is the importance of carbs?Energy & structure
- 26What is the overall structure of carbs?Carbon/Hydrogen/Oxygen rings
- 27What are the monomers of carbs?Monosaccharides: "simple sugars" such as glucose, sucrose, lactose (used as a quick source of energy for cells)
- 28What are the polymers of carbs?Polysaccharides: "complex sugars" made of many glucose molecules together
- 29What is the importance of lipids/fats?Cell membranes, warmth, energy for cells, helps in digestion of certain proteins & vitamins
- 30What is the overall structure of lipids/fats?Glycogen backbone plus 3 fatty acids (separate are monomers, all together are a polymer)
- 31What are the two main types of fats? What's the difference between them?Saturated: solid at room temp., carbons are "saturated" with lots of attached hydrogens
Unsaturated: liquid at room temp., carbons are not saturated - 32What is the importance of nucleic acids?Storing & interpreting genetic information
- 33What is the overall structure of nucleic acids?Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: DNA, RNA - 34What is the importance of proteins?Energy, transporting hemoglobin in blood, movement of muscles, structure in cartilage, and enzymes
- 35What are monomers of proteins?Amino acids - 20 different ones strung together in different combos
- 36What's the part of an amino acids that differentiates between them?The "R" group
- 37What are the polymers of proteins?All proteins have a distinct 3D shape that help them do their jobs
- 38Describe the process of dehydration synthesis.Combines monomers into polymers.
Starting with two molecules that contain O & H; bond the two molecules into one big molecule by removing a water molecule - 39Describe the process of hydrolysisBreaks polymers into monomers by adding water
- 40What is the primary protein structure?A sequence of a chain of amino acids
- 41What is the secondary protein structure?Either a pleated sheet or alpha helix that occurs when the primary structure are linked by hydrogen bonds
- 42What is the tertiary protein structure?Occurs when certain attractions are present between parts of the alpha helices and pleated sheets
- 43What is the quaternary protein structure?A protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
- 44What does "Hydro" mean?"Water"
- 45What does "Lysis" mean?"break"
- 46What does "Deyhdration" mean?"taking water out"
- 47What does "Synthesis" mean?"Build/combine"
- 48What are the steps of the scientific method?1.) Make a research question
2.) Background info
3.) Make hypothesis/prediction
4.) Test it
5.) Record data
6/7.) Display/Analyze data
8.) repeat experiment
9/10.) share results/ask new question - 49What is an independent variable?(manipulated variable); The one where YOU have control over choice of groups/amounts, what you set up during a procedure
- 50What is a dependent variable?(responding variable); The one that you MEASURE, the data
- 51What is a constant (controlled) variable?Variables that do not change between tested groups and stays the same
- 52What is an experimental group?A group that has all the constant variables AND the independent variable
- 53What is a control group?Group that has all the constant varibales but none of the independent variables; the "normal" group
- 54What is a human error? What's an example?When you make a mistake in the procedure.
Accidentally spilling something or didn't time something exactly - 55What is an experimental error? What's an example?When there is something wrong or something you didn't take into account for in your procedures;
Doctors in 50s not including women in study when researching symptoms for heart attacks - 56Define a catalyst.substances that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction activation's energy
- 57Define an active site.the specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place or where a chemical reaction occurs.
- 58Define denaturation.a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress
- 59Define an enzyme-substrate complex.The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the active site of an enzyme
- 60What is activation energy? Give an example.Energy that is involved with chemical reactions regardless of whether the overall chemical reaction releases or absorbs energy; burning paper with a match
- 61Define a chemical reaction.A process when a set of chemicals changes/transforms into another
- 62What's a substrate?The substance acted upon by an enzyme.
- 63Elements/compounds that enter a chemical reaction are _____. Those produced by a chemical reaction are _____.reactants; products
- 64What is an exergonic (catabolic) reaction? What's an example?When energy is released; combustion
- 65What's an endergonic (anabolic) reaction? What's an example?Energy is absorbed; protein synthesis
- 66What's the difference between the two reactions?Endergonic builds up, exergonic breaks down
- 67What are factors that regulate enzyme activity?Temperature, pH, regulatory molecules
- 68What would happen to the enzymatic reaction if the enzyme lost its shape?The enzyme would not work the same way and might become useless altogether
- 69Explain how an enzyme works during a chemical reactionAn enzyme allows reactants to bond by providing a site where these reactants can be brought together to react. A site reduces the energy needed for a reaction.
- 70What do enzymes do in our bodies?They speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells by lowering activation energy
- 71What is an enzyme?A protein that acts as biological catalysts
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- Freshman/Biology/Unit 3/November 2018
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- E.M. Flood
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