Flashcards
photosynthesis and respiration
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1what is photosynthesis?a chemical process used by plants to make food
- 2what is the word equation and balanced equation for photosynthesis?carbon dioxide + water > light > glucose + oxygen
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O > light > C(6)H(12)O(2) + 6O(2) - 3photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. what does endothermic mean?endothermic means when energy is taken in
- 4what is the light energy absorbed by? where is it found?a green pigment called chlorophyll. chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts in plant cells (palisade and spongy mesophyll cells)
- 5how are palisade cells adapted to absorb light for photosynthesis?1 they are packed with chloroplasts
2 they are arranged closely together
3 they are located towards the upper surface of the leaf - 6oxygen is formed as a waste product. what is it used for?some is used for the plants respiration while some is released which makes it available for respiration of other animals
- 7what ways can glucose be used?1 it can be converted into starch for storage
2 it can be used to make proteins, fats and sugars for storage, cell growth and repair
3 nitrate ions from the soil make amino acids which is joined to form proteins
4 it can be converted into cellulose which is used to build and strengthen cell walls - 8what ways can you measure the rate of photosynthesis?1 the rate of oxygen output
2 the rate of carbon dioxide uptake
3 the rate of carbohydrate production - 9what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis1 carbon dioxide concentration
2 light intensity
3 temperature
*4 the amount of chlorophyll - 10how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesisincreasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis (until another factor becomes short of supply)
- 11how carbon dioxide concentration affects the rate of photosynthesisincreasing the co2 concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis (until another factor becomes short of supply)
- 12how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis (hint enzyme controlled reaction)at low temps, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of collisions between the enzymes and substrates. at high temps, the enzymes are denatured.
- 13*how chlorophyll affects the rate of photosynthesisleaves with more chlorophyll are able to absorb the light required for photosynthesis better
- 14factors affecting photosynthesis1 water - role as solvent for all chemical reactions in cells
2 light - intensity differs throughout the day and weather can affect it.
3 carbon dioxide - the levels of co2 are rising due to greenhouse gas emissions
4 temperature - plants can photosynthesise over a range of 0-50 degrees
5 chlorophyll - for shade adapted plants, the compensation point is lower (their rate of photosynthesis will be higher than the rate of respiration at lower light intensities than the plants adapted to sun) - 15required practical to investigate the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis what will happen?a lamp with a LED bulb is set up at different distances from the plant in a beaker of water. sodium hydrogen-carbonate NaHCO(3) is added to the water to supply carbon dioxide to the plant.
the light intensity is equal to the distance so it will decrease as the distance away from the bulb increases. the oxygen bubbles produced over one minute periods are recorded. - 16required practical to investigate the effect of chlorophyll on photosynthesis what happensthe effect of the presence/absence on photosynthesis can be investigated using a variegated plant. this type of plant has regions of their leaves with, and without chlorophyll. the chlorophyll areas will test positive for starch which is built up from the glucose produced
- 17required practical to investigate the effect of chlorophyll on photosynthesis1 the leaf of a variegated plant is dropped in boiling water to kill and preserve it
2 the leaf is left for 10 mins in hot ethanol in a boiling tube. this removes the chlorophyll.
3 the leaf is dipped in boiling water to soften it
4 the leaf is spread out on a dish and covered with iodine solution
5 the areas that contain chlorophyll stain blue-black while the areas that do not contain chlorophyll remain pale - 18increasing light intensity in greenhouses will increase growth of crop or gardening plants. what can plant growers do to increase light intensity?1 use greenhouses made from glass or similar materials that enable maximum transmission of light
2 position plants for maximum light absorption
3 use artificial lighting systems - 19how can plant growers increase carbon dioxide?1 use paraffin heaters (on a small scale)
2 use carbon dioxide wastes from industrial processes (that have been cleaned up before use)
3 use liquid carbon dioxide (applied through pipes) which is expensive
4 use fungi that add carbon dioxide through their respiration - 20how can plant growers increase water?1 use hydroponics which allows the grower to perfect mineral ions given to plants
2 use irrigation systems - 21how can plant growers increase temp?1 use heat
2 temp regulation and cooling - 22what is respiration?respiration is an exothermic process that involves chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
- 23uses of energy1 maintain a constant temp
2 growth
3 cell division
4 muscle contraction
5 protein synthesis
6 active transport
7 nerve impulses - 24difference between aerobic and anaerobic respirationAEROBIC is the release of a LARGE amount of energy in cells in the PRESENCE of oxygen while ANAEROBIC is the release of a SMALL amount of energy in cells in the ABSENCE of oxygen. GLUCOSE OXIDATION is COMPLETE in AEROBIC but is INCOMPLETE in ANAEROBIC
- 25word equation and balanced equation for aerobic respirationglucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) > 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O - 26where does aerobic reactions take place?in the mitochondria
- 27where does anaerobic reactions take place?in the cytoplasm
- 28word and balanced equation for anaerobic respirationglucose > lactic acid
C(6)H(12)O(6) > 2C(3)H(6)O(3) - 29anaerobic respiration also happens in plant cells and yeast cells. what is the word and balanced equationglucose > ethanol + carbon dioxide
C(6)H(12)O(6) > 2C(2)H(5)OH + 2CO(2) - 30how to investigate the presence of co21 limewater turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide
2 use a hydrogencarbonate indicator. it turns red when there is no co2 and yellow when there is co2 - 31how to investigate the heat productionthe release of heat can be shown by carrying out an experiment using germinating seeds
- 32what is the bodys response to exercise?while exercising the muscles need extra energy as the breathing rate/volume of each breath increases gas exchange in the body (oxygen let in and co2 let out)
also the heart rate increases to deliver more blood to the muscles. blood vessels dilate to ensure blood reaches the muscles - 33how can you respire anaerobically?if oxygen isnt available to the muscles, they begin to respire anaerobically. lactic acid is produced from glucose instead of carbon dioxide and water. muscles continue to contract but less efficiently
- 34what happens during long periods of vigorous activity?- lactic acid builds up
- glycogen stored in the muscles become low (as more glucose is used for respiration and additional glucose is transported from the liver)
as body stores of glycogen become low, the person suffers from muscle fatigue.
these processes need oxygen. this is why when an exercise is over, a persons breathing and heart rate do not return to normal straightaway - 35what is an oxygen debt?the amount of oxygen required to remove (oxidise) the lactic acid, and remove it from cells
- 36what does the liver do to lactic acid?1 it converts lactic acid back to glucose, then glycogen
2 it oxidised the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water - 37why is lactic acid bad?it is toxic and can build up in muscles, leading to muscular pain and fatigue. it also stops muscles contracting efficiently
- 38what is metabolism?the term used for all the chemical (enzyme) reactions that go on inside an organisms body
- 39—
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