Flashcards
SACE Stage 2 Biology - Cell Division, Protein Synthesis, Genetic Engineering
Cards in this deck (31)
- 1The amount of DNA in a cell doubles before cell division because...Semi-conservative DNA replication occurs before cell division so both daughter cells carry the full genetic code
- 2Binary Fission occurs inProkaryotes
- 3Binary FissionThe DNA loop replicates and then the cell splits in two. Each resulting cell containing a loop of DNA
- 4Order the phases of Mitosis1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase - 5ProphaseNuclear Membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope, spindle fibres form
- 6MetaphaseSpindle Fibres arrange chromosomes along equator of cell
- 7AnaphaseSpindle Fibres cause chromosomes to split at centromere and migrate to poles of cell
- 8TelophaseChromosomes clustered in two sets, one at each pole. Nuclear membrane reforms at each pole.
- 9Internal Factors regulating divisionProteins produced by the cell which stimulate mitosis. Often set off by the cell detecting hormones e.g. Human Growth Hormone
- 10External Factors regulating divisionNutrients, Cell/Cell Contact, Cell/Environment contact. These stimuli can either inhibit or stimulate cell division depending on factor. e.g
High nutrients - Stimulate
Low Nutrients - Inhibit - 11Gene ProductA polypeptide - Protein. Examples are MPFs (Mitosis Promoting Factors) that initiate the onset of mitosis.
- 12Reasons for growing cells in a laboratoryResearch - A supply of cells to experiment on to discover more about cell functioning.
Medical - Growing Cells for medical purposes e.g. skin grafting
Commercial - Growing plants from tissue samples get ,amy plants with required feature e.g. Flower Colour - 13DissectionRemoval of cells from organism. Enzymes often used to isolate cells in sample
- 14SuspensionPlacement of Cells in culture medium with required nutrients
- 15Cell CultureSuspension placed in cell culture flask in ideal temperature conditions to stimulate growth and division
- 16Uses of Cell CultureResearch - Chemical and Drug testing on cells, using cells instead of animal testing
Medicine - Skin Tissue, Anti-body production, Vaccine Production, Tissue for Transplant
Agriculture - Rapid production of plants for sale, development of more productive crops - 17The functional Unit of information on the chromosome:The gene
- 18GeneSections of DNA on chromosomes that code for particular polypeptides are called genes
- 19A gene consists ofA unique sequence of bases that code for a polypeptide or an RNA molecule
- 20Amino Acids are coded for bya sequence of 3 bases or a codon. In fact it is a degenerate code as there is more than one codon for each amino acid
- 21The flow of information from DNA to proteinDNA --> RNA --> Protein
(Unidirectional in most organisms) - 22TranscriptionDNA is unzipped by DNA Helicase,
A complimentary strand of mRNA is created from DNA template strand - 23Translationthe mRNA molecule migrates to the ribosome. tRNA anti-codons attached to specific amino acids bond to complimentary mRNA codons and peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, forming a Protein.
- 24DNA can be extracted from Cells bydisrupting cell and nuclear membranes with detergent and then centrifuging so that DNA settles in a distinct layer
- 25Probesusually a segment of DNA or DNA that carry a code complimentary to a segment of the DESIRED GENE. The probes have a marker attached e.g. Flourescent that show up the location they attach
- 26Particular Genes can be selected and removed using probes and restriction enzymes:DNA is heated, strands part and probes can then bind to a specific gene. Once the gene is located in can be cut from its chromosome using a restriction enzyme. This cuts at a particular base sequence.
- 27Bacterial Plasmidssmall loops of DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes in addition to their main DNA loop. They can be removed, manipulated and then returned to bacteria.
- 28Micro-InjectionA very fine glass tube is used to introduce genes into a cell's nucleus e.g. Transgenic Animals
Genes are introduced at the zygote to add genetic features - 29Social Consequences of DNA manipulation:- Possibility of harm to organism
- New gene combinations may have unexpected consequences
- Genetically engineered crops can genetically pollute organically grown crops
- Herbicide resistant plants have an increased weed potential
- Monopolies of biotechnology companies
BUT
- Increased food production potential
- Ability to alleviate genetic disease impacts - 30SequencingWorking out the order and number of bases on a DNA segment
- 31PCRAn artificial form of DNA replication where DNA is heated splitting the hydrogen bonds between bases. This separates the polysaccharide strands so that new ones can form along old, therefore duplicating the DNA. Many cycles of this forms copies of the original sample.
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- A set of flashcards for the SACE Stage 2 Biology topic on Cell Division, Protein Synthesis and Genetic Engineering
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- Ben Goetze
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