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Flashcards

Ch. 18: The Endocrine System

igegic Anatomy and Physiology II College English 3.5Average rating 3.5 out of 5 (2 ratings) 163 cards

Cards in this deck (163)

  1. 1What are some characteristics of the Nervous System?- Works using neurons to send action potentials which secrete a neurotransmitter to a postsynaptic membrane
    - Briefer response
    - Shorter effect
  2. 2What are the target cells for the Nervous System?- Muscle cells
    - Gland cells
    - Other neurons
  3. 3What are some characteristics of the Endocrine System?- Controls functions of the body using hormones
    - Hormones are at 1 part of the body but regulates the activity of another part of the body
    - Longer time to respond
    - Longer effect
  4. 4What are the target cells for the Endocrine System?Every target cell in the body
  5. 5How do hormones travel?Through the bloodstream
  6. 6What are the 2 types of Glands?- Exocrine Glands
    - Endocrine Glands
  7. 7What are exocrine glands?Glands that secrete products into ducts and take those products to the lumen of organ, body cavity, or outer surface of the body
  8. 8What are some examples of exocrine glands?- Sweat glands
    - Sebaceous glands
    - Digestive glands
    - Mucous glands
  9. 9What are endocrine glands?Endocrine glands do NOT use ducts. They take contents DIRECTLY to interstitial fluid where it's diffused into the bloodstream
  10. 10What are some examples of endocrine glands?- Pituitary gland
    - Pineal gland
    - Adrenal gland
    - Thyroid gland
  11. 11What are endocrine glands very dependent on?The cardiac system, that is why they are so VASCULAR.
  12. 12What does a hormone absolutely need for it to bind to a target cell?Receptors
  13. 13Why are receptors so necessary?Because that is the middle man between the hormone and what it wants to effect. There must be receptors to connect the hormone to the target cell.
  14. 14What is down-regulation?When there is too much of a hormone, the number of receptors DECREASE.
  15. 15What does it mean when there is a down-regulation of a hormone?The target cells are LESS SENSITIVE to a hormone
  16. 16What do synthetic hormones do?Block the receptor that disallows the hormone to go through the normal functions
  17. 17What are circulating hormones?Hormones that go from secretory cells --> ISF --> Blood
  18. 18How are circulating hormones inactivated and excreted?Inactivated by the LIVER
    Excreted by the KIDNEYS
  19. 19What are local hormones?Hormones that either act on neighboring cells or on the SAME cell that secreted it
  20. 20What piece of information stands out about local hormones?They do NOT immediately enter the bloodstream
  21. 21What are paracrine hormones?Hormones that act on neighboring cells
  22. 22What are autocrine hormones?Hormones that act on the same cell that secreted it
  23. 23What types of hormones have a larger abundance?Circulating hormones
  24. 24Which type of hormones stay in effect longer?Circulating hormones
  25. 25Which type of hormones are inactivated quickly?Local hormones
  26. 26What are 3 types of lipid-soluble hormones?- Steroid hormones
    - Thyroid hormones
    - Nitric oxide
  27. 27What are steroid hormones?They are derived from cholesterol so they are very unique due to the different chemical attachments?
  28. 28What is the result of steroid hormones having different chemical attachments?Steroid hormones have several different functions
  29. 29What is the difference b/w the Nervous and Endocrine systems regarding their target?- The nervous system has a specific target while the endocrine system's target is a lot more broad
  30. 30What characteristic makes a hormone a hormone?For a chemical to be a hormone it has to travel in the BLOOD
  31. 31What is a characteristic about hormone receptors?They are very SPECIFIC to each and every hormone
  32. 32What are natriuretic peptides?They are responsible of stretching the heart walls to lower BP
  33. 33What kind of hormone is histamine?Circulating Hormone
  34. 34What is a Thyroid hormone?(T3&T4) Synthesized by attaching iodine to tyrosine
  35. 35What are thyroid hormones responsible for?Elevating all metabolic activity
  36. 36What is a characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?They can go straight through the phospholipid bi-layer
  37. 37Why can the ability of lipid-soluble hormones being able to go straight through the lipid-bilayer be a potential problem?Because then cells become very susceptible to changes like organelle change and basically it has the ability to completely transform cells
  38. 38What are the different types of water soluble hormones?- Amine
    - Peptide
    - Protein
    - Eicosanoid
  39. 39How are water-soluble hormones transported in the blood?They flow freely
  40. 40How are lipid-soluble hormones transported in the blood?They are bound to transport protein
  41. 41What organ synthesizes the transport protein?Liver
  42. 42What hormones can be taken by the mouth and why?Steroid and thyroid hormones because since they are lipid-soluble they don't break down during digestion
  43. 43What hormones must be injected directly to the blood stream?Protein and peptide hormones (insulin) because the digestive enzymes would break down the peptide bonds b/c they're water-soluble hormones
  44. 44The response to a hormone depends on what?The hormone and the target cell
  45. 45What is a characteristic about target cells?That they can respond differently to the same hormone
  46. 46What are the different effects of a hormone?- They can make new molecules
    - Change permeability of plasma membrane
    - Transport substance in or out of target
    - Alter rate of metabolic rate
    - Contract smooth or cardiac muscle
  47. 47How does a hormone announce its arrival?It binds to its receptors
  48. 48Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones?Inside target cells
  49. 49Where are the receptors of water-soluble hormones?They are part of the plasma membrane of the target cells
  50. 50What is the 1st step of an lipid-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?The hormone diffuses out of blood, into ISF and into the plasma membrane of the target cell
  51. 51What is the 2nd step of a lipid-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?The hormone binds to receptor in cytosol and hormone-receptor complex alters gene expression
  52. 52How does the hormone-receptor complex alter gene expression?By turning some genes of the Nuclear DNA on and some off
  53. 53What is the 3rd step of a lipid-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?The DNA is transcribed, mRNA leaves nucleus and finds ribosomes to produce new proteins
  54. 54What is the 4th step of a lipid-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?The new proteins alter the cell's activity to that of the hormone
  55. 55What is the difference with water-soluble hormones?Because they CANNOT cross a lipid-bilayer they have to bind to receptors on the outer surface of the target cell's plasma membrane
  56. 56What is the 1st messenger?When the hormone binds to a receptor at the outer surface of the plasma membrane
  57. 57What is the 2nd messenger?cAMP
  58. 58What is the 1st step of a water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?Hormone diffuses out of blood and attaches to receptor on outer surface of membrane. Hormone-receptor complex activates G protein which in turn activates adenylate cyclase
  59. 59What is the 2nd step of a water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
  60. 60What is the 3rd step of a water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?cAMP (2nd messanger) activate protein kinases
  61. 61What is the 4th step of water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?The protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins which turn some proteins on and some off (ATP donates the phosphate groups and converts to ADP)
  62. 62What is the 5th step of a water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?Phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  63. 63What is the 6th step of a water-soluble hormone acting on a target cell?Phospodiesterase deactivate cAMP which turns off the cell's response
  64. 64How does the hormone response stop?G protein is not being any further stimulated b/c hormone molecules are NOT binding to receptor, the G protein slowly inactivates which inactivates andenylate cyclase and the hormone response is stopped
  65. 65What are cascades/chain reactions?Hormones that still have effects even in low concentrations b/c there are steps that amplify the effect
  66. 66The responsiveness of a target cell depends on what things?- Hormone concentration in blood
    - Abundance of hormone receptors
    - Influences of other hormones
  67. 67What 2 factors give a hormone a more vigorous effect?- A higher level of hormones
    - Increase in receptors
  68. 68What is a permissive effect?The exposure to a hormone is required for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell
  69. 69What is a synergistic effect?When 2 hormones act together to establish a greater effect
  70. 70What is an antagonistic effect?1 hormone opposes the effect of the other hormone (but it depends on what receptors you activate)
  71. 71What is the difference between permissive and synergistic?In a permissive effect, only that 1 hormone needs the other. With synergistic effects, both hormones need each other.
  72. 72How is the ONLY way that hormones can be released?By stimulation
  73. 73How is hormone secretion regulated?- Signals from NS
    - Chemical changes in blood
    - Other hormones
  74. 74Most regulatory responses are based on what type of feedback?Negative
  75. 75What is the hypothalamusIt is the major link between the Nervous and Endocrine System
  76. 76Why is the hypothalamus considered the "Master Gland"?Because it synthesizes 9 hormones
  77. 77What is the pituitary gland?Pea-shaped structure attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum and is considered as a half neural and half endocrine gland
  78. 78What is) the pituitary gland split up into?- Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
    - Posterior hypophysis (neurohypophysis)
  79. 79Why is there a hypophyseal portal system only for the adenohypophysis?Because the hypothalamus has releasing and inhibiting hormones that are responsible for stimulating or inhibiting hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
  80. 80What are somatotrophs?- Human growth hormone
    - Insulin-like growth factors
  81. 81What are thyrotrophs?TSH
  82. 82What are gonadotrophs?- FSH
    - LH
  83. 83What are lactotrophs?PRL
  84. 84What are corticotrophs?- ACTH
    - MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
  85. 85How are the anterior pituitary gland hormones released?They are stimulated by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
  86. 86How are hypothalamic hormones sent to the anterior pituitary?The hypothalamic hormones are in neurosecretory cells that get transported to the ant. pit. by the hypophyseal portal system
  87. 87What are tropic hormones?Anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands
  88. 88What are the hormones of the Anterior Pituitary gland?- HGH
    - PRL
    - LH
    - FSH
    - ACTH
    - TSH
    -MSH
  89. 89What does the HGH do?Stimulates secretion of insulin-growth factors (IGFs) that promote, protein synthesis, transcription and translation
  90. 90What does the TSH do?Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland
  91. 91What does FSH do?For women: ovaries start development of oocytes
    For men: testes start testosterone production
  92. 92What does LH do?For women: ovaries stimulate ovulation
    For men: stimulate testosterone production
  93. 93Why can TSH go through lipid bi-layers?Because of its proteinaceous shape
  94. 94What is dwarfism?Cannot produce or release HGH
  95. 95What is gigantism?When there is too much HGH secreted before the epiphyseal plate closes?
  96. 96What is acromegaly?When there is too much HGH being secreted AFTER the epiphyseal plate has closed
  97. 97What is PRL?Promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
  98. 98What hormone allows milk to actually be released from the breast?Oxytocin
  99. 99What does ACTH do?Stimulates the adrenal cortex hormones
  100. 100What does MSH do?Releases melanin to darken the skin to protect it from harmful UV rays
  101. 101What does cortisol do?Helps the body deal with stress
  102. 102How does cortisol get released?The hypothalamus stimulates a corticotropin releasing hormone that gets sent to the Pituitary gland and stimulates the ACTH to stimulate the andrenal glands to secrete cortisol
  103. 103What is cushing's syndrome?When there is either too much:
    - CRH
    - ACTH
    - Cortisol
  104. 104What are symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?- Moon face
    - Red striations
    - Thin skin
    - Poor wound healing
  105. 105What is Addison's Disease?Defiency in either:
    - CRH
    - ACTH
    - Cortisol
    - Means they cannot deal with stress properly
  106. 106What is special about the posterior pituitary hormones?The posterior pituitary gland does NOT produce its own hormones, it just stores and releases the hormones that the HYPOTHALAMUS produced
  107. 107What are the 2 hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pit. gland?Oxytocin and ADH
  108. 108What does Oxytocin do?- Establish emotive attachment
    - Enhances smooth muscle contraction in wall of uterus (+ feedback)
    - Stimulates milk EJECTION from mammary glands
  109. 109What does ADH do?- Decreases urine production by causing the kidneys to return more water to the blood
    - Decreases water lost through sweating and contraction of arterioles which increases BP
  110. 110What stimulates oxytocin?Stretching of the uterus
  111. 111The thyroid gland contains ______ that produces _______?Thyroid follicles, T3&T4
  112. 112What do the thyroid hormones do?- Increase BMR
    - Stimulate protein synthesis
    - Increase use of fatty acids and glucose for ATP production
  113. 113T3 and T4 are what kind of hormones?Lipid-soluble hormones
  114. 114What is the other kind of follicular cells?Parafollicular cells (C cells) that secrete Calcitonin which build bone and lower blood calcium levels (osteoblasts take Calcium make bone)
  115. 115What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?The isthmus
  116. 116What does the bird flu cause?A hyperrelease of thyroxin's
  117. 117What type of effect would the thyroid hormones be considered as?Permissive effect
  118. 118What does vasodilation do in regards to ADH secretion?Allows evaporation and gets rid of the heat due to perspiratoin
  119. 119How is the secretion of the thyroid hormone controlled?- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
    - TSH from the ant. pit.
    - Situations where an increase ATP demands increase in thyroid hormones (thyroid hormones is what puts the ATP to use)
  120. 120What is the process of Thyroid hormone regulation?1.) If T3&T4 levels are low or BMR is low, TRH is stimulated from the hypo
    2.) Travels to ant. pit. to stimulate TSH
    3.) TSH travels to follicular cells of thyroid glands (endocytosis)
    4.) That stimulates the T3&T4 hormones to be produced and sent to the blood (exocytosis)
    5.) Elevated levels of thyroid hormones inhibit TRH and TSH
  121. 121What kind of feedback would thyroid regulation be considered as?Indirect feedback
  122. 122What is needed for thyroid hormones?Iodine is needed to be transported to the follicles in order to make the thyroxins
  123. 123What are some iodine deficiency disorders?- Cretinism
    - Goiter
    - Exophthalmia
  124. 124What does the PTH do?- Regulates calcium phosphate and magnesium ions in the blood
    - Increases number and activity of osteoclasts
    - Elevates reabsorption of blood calcium
    - PTH BREAKS DOWN BONE
  125. 125What happens if there is too much secretion of PTH?- Not enough ossification, body becomes cartilaginous
    - Also causes osteoporosis
  126. 126What are oxyphil cells?Cells within the parathyroid glands that have no known function
  127. 127What are the chief cells?Cells in the parathyroid gland that get stimulated to release PTH
  128. 128What happens when there is a high level of blood calcium levels?1.) Thyroid gland gets stimulated to secrete Calcitonin from its parafollicular cells
    2.) It inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to take the Ca+ and put it toward bones
  129. 129What happens if there is a low level of blood calcium?1.) The parathyroid hormone will be stimulated to secrete PTH
    2.) Will inhibit osteoblasts and stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone and increase blood Ca levels
    3.) PTH also stimulates the release of Calcitriol from the kidneys which reabsorbs Ca from food
  130. 130The adrenal cortex (outer region of adrenal gland) secretes what hormones?- Aldosterone
    - Cortisol
    - Androgens
  131. 131What does Aldosterone do?Retains Na by dumping K to elevate BP
  132. 132What does cortisol do?Deals with stress
  133. 133What are androgens?Sex hormones that more readily build testosterone and have masculinizing effects
  134. 134What is DHEA and what does it do?It is meant for females to give them some testosterone if they are deficient
  135. 135What happens if a man uses DHEA?He can lose his hair
  136. 136What does the adrenal medulla consist of?Epinephrine and Norepinephrine which intensifies sympathetic responses
  137. 137What are glucocorticoids?Steroid hormones in the adrenal medulla that help with glucose homeostasis
  138. 138What are mineralcorticoids?Help with mineral homeostasis
  139. 139What is Addison's disease?When there is a deficiency in secretion of adrenal hormones
  140. 140What is precocious puberty?When young children develop secondary sex characteristics
  141. 141What is the pancreas?Both an endocrine and exocrine hormone
  142. 142What do 99% of pancreatic cells produce?Digestive enzymes
  143. 143What kind of cells does the Islets of Langerhans produce?- Alpha cells
    - Beta cells
    - Delta cells
    - F cells
  144. 144What do alpha cells do?They secrete glucagon which RAISES blood sugar
  145. 145What do beta cells do?They secrete insulin, which LOWERS blood sugar
  146. 146What do delta cells do?- Secrete somatostatin
    - Inhibit both insulin and glucagon
  147. 147What do F cells do?- Secretes pancreatic polypeptide
    - Inhibits somatostatin and secretion of digestive enzymes
  148. 148What is the exocrine function of the islets of Langerhans?Contains acini which contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food
  149. 149What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?Pancreatic islets that contain insulin and glucagon
  150. 150What do hormones FSH and LH do?- Regulate menstrual cycle
    - Maintain pregnancy
    - Prepare mammary glands for lactation
    - Maintains female secondary sex characteristics
  151. 151What does inhibin do?Inhibits FSH
  152. 152What hormone is produced during pregnancy and what does it do?Relaxin- allows pubic symphysis to become stretchy
  153. 153What does the pineal gland secrete?Melatonin which contributes to circadian rhythm
  154. 154When is more melatonin liberated?During darkness
  155. 155What helps an individual get more melatonin?Being in contact with full spectrum light
  156. 156What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?Causes an individual to have depression due to the low amount of melatonin in their system which causes them not to get enough sleep
  157. 157What does the thymus do?It secretes different thymosins that help with T cell maturation and helps with immune response
  158. 158What happens to the thymus as a person gets older?It involutes meaning it gets smaller and loses its function
  159. 159What are the 2 kinds of stress?- Eustress- helpful stress
    - Distress- bad stress
  160. 160What happens when a person is going through stressful conditions?The body initiates a stress response called general adaption syndrome (GAS)
  161. 161What is the first stage of GAS?Initial fight or flight response where Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are secreted
  162. 162What is the second phase of GAS?Slower resistance reaction; the body begins to run out of cortisol
  163. 163What is the 3rd phase of GAS?Eventual exhaustion; the body completely runs out of cortisol and there is a homeostatic imbalance, potentially causing death

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Almost everything you need to know about the endocrine system
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igegic
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