Flashcards
IT Notes
Cards in this deck (199)
- 1HardwareCollection of physical components attached to or forming part of the computer system.
- 2SoftwareCollection of non-physical parts of the system eg. OS, application programs and the data
- 3Computera device that performs tasks at a high speed
- 4CPU(Central Processing Unit)
component that performs tasks for the computer
consists of the ALU, CU and Registers - 5RAM(Random Access Memory)
receives data, stores it temporarily before sending instructions one at a time to the processor
Primary Memory
Volatile - 6ICT(Information Communication Technology)
- 7Dataraw, unorganised facts
needs to be processed to be meaningful and useful - 8Informationprocessed data, organised and structured
presented in a given context to make it useful - 9Processing Powercombination of speed, no. of cores (processors) and no. of instructions processed per second
- 10OScollection of programs that manages hardware and allows user to run software applications (word, internet browsers)
provides management and housekeeping tools and utilities
allows user to configure their computer to run as efficiently as possible - 11Kernelthe smallest part of OS
loaded when computer is turned on - 12Desktop OSsupports hardware functions (IPO)
acts as an interface between application programs and hardware (mac OS, Windows, Ubuntu) - 13Mobile OSdesigned to use limited resources of a device more efficiently (iOS)
provide communication software to give mobile devices a way of loading apps, doing updates (OS/settings) - 14Embedded OSspecialised (computers built into larger systems)
data processed immediately
more compact
robots, cars, ATM, traffic lights - 15Application Softwarecarries out tasks for users (games, create docs)
computer can run without it - 16Stand Alone/Desktop Applicationsruns without needing to interact with other software.
uses hardware and OS to perform its functions - 17Network Applicationsdesigned to run on multiple computers connected via a network (eg. Internet)
- 18Client-Server Networksserver provides a service to the client computers
- 19Servera remote computer (local network/linked via Internet)
stores data - 20Clientthe local computer (desktop, laptop, tablet, phone)
- 21Synchronisationprocess where the data on your desktop and mobile device is consistent
both see the latest version of the data
(contacts, calendar) - 22Synchronisation Management Applicationdetermines if data differs and provides overwriting options
- 23IPOcomputer follows principle of input, processing and output
- 24Motherboard(PCB) large printed circuit board
houses essential electronic components of device - 25PCBLarge printed circuit board
eg. motherboard - 26ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
part of the CPU
performs simple arithmetic and logical calculations - 27CU(Control Unit)
part of CPU
coordinator of program instructions
controls instructions to be processed - 28Registerspart of CPU
processed instructions stored here - 29BIOS(Basic Input Output System)
non-volatile firmware that initialises hardware when computer starts up - 30DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
constantly needs to be refreshed (loses contents) - 31ROM(Read Only Memory)
non-volatile memory chip - 32EEPROM(Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM)
can be changed - 33FirmwareSoftware programs/set of instructions programmed on hardware
semi-permanent
stays the same unless updated by a firmware updater - 34PeripheralsInput, output and secondary storage devices
connected to motherboard - 35ComponentsPlaced directly on Motherboard (RAM, CPU etc.)
- 36Secondary StoragePermanent, non-volatile, fixed/removable media
flash drives, SD cards and CDs - 37Hard Drivesinside computer case
stores user's programs and data
permanent - 38HDD(Mechanical Hard Disk Drive)
mechanical parts
stores data magnetically
(data not lost when switched off) - 39SSD(Solid State Drive)
no moving parts
electric circuits
faster (info stored in microchips)
more expensive - 40Hybrid DrivesHDD joined with a high speed flash memory using SSD-technology
(one drive - best of efficiencies and cost) - 41FSSD technology
small and portable
useful for transferring and backing up data - 42Optical Drives(CD, Blue-Ray, DVD)
use (laser) light to etch (burn) data onto a disk
less space
harder to change - 43SD Cards(Secure Digital)
small flash memory cards - 44Input deviceshardware device used to get data into the computer
(stored in RAM) - 45Keyboardkeys that represent characters with a unique value
- 46Mouse(Pointing Device)
detects change in position when moved
makes similar change on screen - 47Optical Miceno mechanical parts
reliable - 48LED(Light Emitting Diode)
bounces light off mouse pad surface - 49Wireless micerequires receiver to receive signals transmitted from mouse
- 50ScannersAnalyses an image and converts it to a file
- 51OCR(Optical Character Recognition)
converts text to UNICODE so it can be edited - 52dpi(dots per inch)
scanner resolution eg. 600 x 600dpi - 53Barcode Scannersscans red LED light
prices of an article
info can be used to update stock levels or signal reordering of stock - 54QR Codes(Quick Response)
2D sets of different sized squares on a white background - 55Magnetic Stripe Readersinfo encoded on the magnetic stripe of a card
converts into a format the computer understands - 56Biometric devicesway of uniquely recognising humans using physical characteristics
eg. fingerprints, iris/retina scans - 57Microphonesuse a diaphragm (vibrating membrane) that sense sound waves and converts it to an electrical signal
- 58Sensorsconverts info about physical world into a signal that can be measured electrically
(make descisions and provide output)
real-time - 59Smart HomesAlarms and other controlling devices respond to sensors to perform tasks
- 60Accelerometerguages the tilting and orientation of a phone
determines what orientation to show - 61Output devicesreceives info and displays it or shows some form of output
- 62LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
most common monitor - 63Resolutionnumber of picture elements (pixels) on the monitor
- 64Screen Size(affects resolution)
measured diagonally across, doesn't include casing - 65Touch screenallows your finger/stylus to emulate a pointing device
- 66Lasers/inkjet printersnon-impact
only ink/toner touches paper - 67Dot-matriximpact printer
hammer touches ribbon on paper - 683D-printerturns a whole object into thousands of tiny slices, then creates it from the bottom up slice by slice (layers stick to from a solid object)
- 69Speakersreceive audio input (digital format) from computer's sound card and produces audio output in the form of sound waves
internal amplifier - 70Headphonesuse a diaphragm to convert digital data into sound waves
- 71Headsetstwo different devices connected to a headband for convenience
- 72USB Port(Universal Serial Bust)
common interface that enables communication between devices and a host controller eg. PC - 73HDMI Port(High Definition Multimedia Interface)
provides a digital interface to receive and transmit video and audio signals - 743 Functions of OS1. Provide a user interface
2. Load and run programs
3. Resource management - 75Command Line interfaceuser enters typed commands
text-based interface - 76GUI(Graphical User Interface)
uses WIMP
user interface for a person to communicate with the computer - 77Icons and menus on menusrepresent folders, applications and other commands
these are activated when selected by a computer - 78WIMPWindows
Icons
Menus
Pointers - 79Resource ManagementOS manages computer's resources
- 80File Managementallows user to create, save, delete, move and copy files
- 81Memory managementensures each program loaded has enough memory allocated to it
- 82Process Managementensure each process gets enough CPU time to run succesfully
- 83Processa program in memory
- 84Driverslink a hardware device to the OS
provides info needed to work with that device - 85Programming Toolsanything that is classified as a computer program
- 86IDE(Integrate Development Environment)
use when you write code - 87Source Codeoriginal code written by the programmer
- 88Executable Codesource code compiled to a file called object code
- 89JRE(Java Runtime Environment)
allows you to run .class file (executable code) - 90WORA(Write once, run anywhere)
cross-platform - 91Game Development Applicationsgives developers ability to create both 2D and 3D games for multiple platforms (eg. iOS and Android)
- 92Utilitieshelp manage, analyse, maintain, optimise and control eg. Updating, archive and backup
- 93Control Panela program that is part of your system software
- 94Defragmentationrearranges fragmented data on a mechanical hard drive so that the disk can work more efficiently
only HDDs - 95Software Licenselegally describes how software can be used or copied
- 96Piracyillegal copying of software
- 97License Managercontrols software license, enforces terms to protect software vendor from piracy
- 98Proprietary Licenseno access to source code
not allowed to be freely copied or distributed - 99EULA(End User License Agreement)
describes right to use software - 100Multiple License Agreementa
- 101Free and Open Source Licenseshare source code
(copyleft license) - 102GNU(General Public License)
change, modify and redistribute software
have to include source code when redistributed so others can use the new improvements
eg. Linus - 103Creative Commons Licensekeep copyright of work
can copy or distribute as long as they acknowledge your work - 104Freewarecopyrighted but given away at no cost
author retain copyright
you cannot alter it - 105Freemium Softwarefree for a limited period of time
limited functions - 106License Keyunlocks additional features
- 107User profileunique profile that consists of a documents and pictures folder and a desktop
- 108Public Profiledocuments can be shared by all users
- 109Dektopfirst window that appears
can put files, folders and shortcuts on it - 110Taskbarsee running programs and switch between them
can pin applications - 111Startaccess programs, folders and computer settings
- 112Desktop Managementtoo many files/folders makes logon slow and your desktop cluttered
if it is reinstalled, you could lose your files+folders - 113Pathaddress of a file
- 114File Explorercan view, edit, save or delete folders+files
- 115Cloud-based storagedata stored remotely
an extension of secondary storage
accessible through the internet - 116Compressionreduce size = takes up less storage
can combine several files into one to send - 117Decompressionextract compressed file
- 118Archiveremove and store in a compressed separate archive location to save space
- 119Backupmake a copy in case of data loss
- 120Installer Programtakes care of placing the executable files, creating folders for supporting software and registering necessary software in the registry
- 121Registryrecord settings and changes that affect the system eg. installations
- 122Product/Activation keyunique code that ensure the software is purchased legally and is licensed to you
- 123Plug and Playdetects new hardware and downloads driver program
- 124Hot swappablesuccessfully installed without restarting the computer eg. USB
- 125Schedulingrun programs automatically at specified times with specified conditions
- 126Updatingupdate automatically or only when you request it to
- 127Firewalla device or set of devices that permit/deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules
protect networks from unauthorised access - 128Malwaremalicious software
anything harmful to a computer - 129Virusillegally loaded programs that infect files and damage the system
attach to emails - 130Spywareintercept or take partial control over a user's interaction
- 131Keystroke-logging Programrecords each keystroke and the is reconstructed into passwords
- 132Adwareunwanted and annoying software
slows down operation of computer - 133Anti-malwareprevents malware from gaining access
safeguards - 134Anti-virus(update signature, protection and scanning options)
deletes or quarantines - 135Signatureidentifying piece of code in virus
- 136Networkconsists of 2+ devices (nodes) connected by a type of communication channel
(bounded/unbounded) - 137Nodeany device connected to the network
(computer, printer, mobiles, server) - 138Network servercomputer designed to act as central network computer
provides resources eg. network security, hardware access (printers), disk space - 139LAN(Local Area Network)
network that exists in a geographical area eg. home, school - 140Network deviceseg. printers and routers
connected to a network
managed by server - 141Name 4 types of Nodes1. Nodes used by users
2. Nodes that connect nodes
3. Nodes that connect to the Internet
4. Nodes that provide a service - 142Cloud Computingmake use of computing services over Internet
eg. storage
only pay for services you use - 143Switchconnects nodes in a network using communication media (cables) to ports
- 144File Serverusers can store files in a central location
access from any node - 145Communication Channela connection between source and destination
has a bandwidth - 146Bandwidthmax amount of data it can transfer per unit time
bits/sec
higher bandwidth = faster transmission rate - 147Bounded(physical cabling)
communication channels used for wired LANS - 148Unbounded(no cables)
carry signals for wireless LANs and larger networks - 149UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)
several pairs of twisted wires in an outer protective plastic cover - 150Twisting wireshelps eliminate interference from signals on other wires and devices
- 151Attenuationsignal loses strength over distance (+100m)
repeater boosts signal - 152Eavesdroppingintercept signals
- 153EMI(Electro-Magnetic Interference)
signals from other sources (eg. machinery) can corrupt signals traveling in nearby copper cables - 154Crosstalksignals in adjacent wires interfere
crossed telephone conversation - 155STP(Shielded twisted Pair)
twisted pairs enclosed in protective foil
(less crosstalk+interference)
more expensive and bulkier - 156Claddingsurrounds core in fibre optic cable
reflects light back into core - 157SC Connectormost common fibre optic cable cable
- 158Backbonewhen several LAN segments hang off one fibre optic cable
- 159Wireless networksuse air to transmit radio signals
eg. Bluetooth, microwaves and satellite
each type of wireless signal uses a different frequency
(hertz/sec) - 160Microwave transmissionslong distances
affected by weather
terrestrial and satellite - 161Terrestrial Microwave transmissionsline of sight method
transmit data between two antennas
(50m without obstacles) - 162Satellite Microwave transmissionsuses satellites orbiting earth to receive and pass on communications
- 163Satellite transpondersreceives signals, converts to different frequency, boosts signal and sens to station on ground below
(line of sight) - 164Geo-stationeryfixed position above earth's surface, rotate at same speed as earth
TV Broadcasting - 165Low-orbitnearer, rotates around earth every few hours
little delay
better for interactive communications - 166Radio-wave transmissionsshort distances
radio, TV, phones
travels through walls and buildings
WiFi and Bluetooth use radio waves - 167Decompositiondividing a complex problem or system into smaller more manageable parts
- 168Pattern Recognitionlooking for similarities between and within each part
- 169Abstractionfocusing on the important information only, ignoring irrelevant detail and focusing on solving each part in turn so that the combined parts solve the problem
- 170Algorithmdeveloping a step by step solution to the problem, or the rules to follow to solves the problem
- 171Syntax Errorsspelling, punctuation, capitals
- 172Runtime Errorsonly shows error when the program is run. So the program can not anticipate it, so it is a cause of the variable that the user provides
- 173Logical errorswhen it runs but not in the way that you wanted. These are harder to find as there are no error messages.
- 174Internetworldwide collection of computer networks connected for the purpose of sharing resources or communicating
- 175Hostsender/receiver computer eg. a server
- 176Communication Linksconnects hosts
made up of transmission media (bounded/unbounded) - 177Routersdevices used to determine the path(s) along which data must travel to get from one host to another using a communication link
- 178Cloud storagestorage of data online - 'in the cloud'
- 179Web sitescollection of linked web pages
accessed through the Internet browser application
always has a homepage - 180TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
makes sure transmission gets from sender host to destination host - 181IP(Internet protocol)
identifies the different computers connected to the internet - 182DNS(Domain name System)
assigns unique names (host-name) and numbers (IP address) to the connected hosts/computers - 183ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber line)
a data communications technology that provides fast data transmission over copper telephone lines (requires ADSL router) - 184Fibrea data communications technology that uses light to transmit data at super-fast speeds and high capacities
- 185Wireless connection(Wi-Fi)
uses radio frequency - 186Cellular ConnectionSIM card in device allows the user to access Internet from anywhere
- 187WWW(World Wide Web)
mass of linked (using hyperlinks) web pages which can be accessed via the Internet - 188URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
unique address for web page on Internet - 189Http(Hypertext transfer Protocol)
protocols/rules for communication on the Internet - 190Web Browsera program used to locate and view web pages eg. Google Chrome
primary functions: process HTML code - 191HTMLthe code used to design or 'mark-up' web pages
- 192Search Enginea program that searches documents on the web for specified keywords and returns a list of the docs where the keywords were found (w/ hyperlink to them)
- 193Logical Operatorsallow us to define the logical relationship between search terms
(reduces returns in searches) - 194User Interfaceprovide a system for the user to interact with a system such as a web site/computer program
- 195Digital Dividethe gap between the "haves" and the "have nots"
- 196"Haves"those who have regular, effective access to digital and information technology and the skills the access it
- 197Ergonomicsthe science that deals with the design of equipment, furniture and environment to fit the user's capabilities and to promote user safety
- 198RSI(Repetitive strain injuries)
occur from repeated muscle movements (eg. using a mouse or keyboard), doing damage to: tendons, nerves, muscles and other soft body tissues - 199CTS(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
a painful condition involving the media nerve and the flexor tendons: they rub against the sides of the 'tunnel' (made up of wrist bones + transverse carpal ligament), the rubbing causes irritation of tendons, they swell, and apply pressure to median nerve
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- Grade 10 Information Technology Flashcards on IT Notes, created by Cailin Smith on 25/05/2021.
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