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OB

Noor Haider English 116 cards

Fordyce spots Sebaceous glands

Cards in this deck (116)

  1. 1—Fordyce spots
    Sebaceous glands    Fordyce spots Sebaceous glands
  2. 2—circumvallate papillae.
    Junction of ant 2/3s and post 1/3 of tongue
    tatse buds and von ebners glands    circumvallate papillae. Junction of ant 2/3s and post 1/3 of tongue tatse buds and von ebners glands
  3. 3—Filiform papillae.
    highly keratinized
    assists with mastication    Filiform papillae. highly keratinized assists with mastication
  4. 4—Fungiform papillae.
    over ant 2/3s
    contains taste buds    Fungiform papillae. over ant 2/3s contains taste buds
  5. 5—hairy tongue
    hyperplasia of filiform papillae    hairy tongue hyperplasia of filiform papillae
  6. 6—foliate papillae
    lateral border of tongue
    contains taste buds    foliate papillae lateral border of tongue contains taste buds
  7. 7—Submandibular gland
    posterior to mandible in submandibular fossa.
    60-65%. mixed saliva. more serous    Submandibular gland posterior to mandible in submandibular fossa. 60-65%. mixed saliva. more serous
  8. 8—sublingual
    10% total saliva volume
    sublingual fossa and anterior to submandibular
    mixed but predom mucinous    sublingual 10% total saliva volume sublingual fossa and anterior to submandibular mixed but predom mucinous
  9. 9—A= sublingual frenum
    B=sublingual caruncle/papilla
    C= sublingual folds    A= sublingual frenum B=sublingual caruncle/papilla C= sublingual folds
  10. 10—Mucocele
    caused by blockage of minor salivary glands.    Mucocele caused by blockage of minor salivary glands.
  11. 11—ranula
    blockage of major salivary glands and fluid collection    ranula blockage of major salivary glands and fluid collection
  12. 12—intraglandular salivary calculi
    or sialolith
    calcified obstructions    intraglandular salivary calculi or sialolith calcified obstructions
  13. 13—mumps
    swelling of salivary glands due to viral illness.    mumps swelling of salivary glands due to viral illness.
  14. 14—Sjogren's Syndrome
    Autoimmune disease attacking salivary glands    Sjogren's Syndrome Autoimmune disease attacking salivary glands
  15. 15—Congenital absence of salivary glandsCongenital absence of salivary glands
  16. 16—Xerostomia
    or dry mouth    Xerostomia or dry mouth
  17. 17—lymphedema
    swelling due to lymph buildup    lymphedema swelling due to lymph buildup
  18. 18—lymph nodelymph node
  19. 19—a= Submental nodes
    b= submandibular nodes
    c=upper deep cervical
    d and e= deep cervical nodes
    f= lower deep cervical    a= Submental nodes b= submandibular nodes c=upper deep cervical d and e= deep cervical nodes f= lower deep cervical
  20. 20—articular eminencearticular eminence
  21. 21—articular disc
    lateral disc    articular disc lateral disc
  22. 22—Temporalis
    elevates and retrudes
    ant aspect of coronoid process    Temporalis elevates and retrudes ant aspect of coronoid process
  23. 23—Masseter
    2 heads: elevates+ protrudes and retrudes    Masseter 2 heads: elevates+ protrudes and retrudes
  24. 24—Medial pterygoid muscle
    closes, elevates and protrudes    Medial pterygoid muscle closes, elevates and protrudes
  25. 25—lateral pterygoidlateral pterygoid
  26. 26—Temporomandibular ligamentTemporomandibular ligament
  27. 27—Stylomandibular ligamentStylomandibular ligament
  28. 28—Sphenomandibular ligamentSphenomandibular ligament
  29. 29—syphilissyphilis
  30. 30—GonorrhoeaGonorrhoea
  31. 31—TB
    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis    TB Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  32. 32—Actinomycosis
    Actinomycosis israelii
    firm swelling, pus draining fistulae.
    treated with penicillin and surgical debridement.    Actinomycosis Actinomycosis israelii firm swelling, pus draining fistulae. treated with penicillin and surgical debridement.
  33. 33—Candida albicansCandida albicans
  34. 34—Pseudomembranous candidiasisPseudomembranous candidiasis
  35. 35—Erythematous candidiasisErythematous candidiasis
  36. 36—Hyperplastic candidiasisHyperplastic candidiasis
  37. 37—Angular CheilitisAngular Cheilitis
  38. 38—Chicken pox
    Varicella Zoster Virus    Chicken pox Varicella Zoster Virus
  39. 39—cold sore/ herpes labialis
    Herpes simplex virus 1/2    cold sore/ herpes labialis Herpes simplex virus 1/2
  40. 40—HPVHPV
  41. 41—HPV cancer of the tongue
    HPV type 16    HPV cancer of the tongue HPV type 16
  42. 42—Hand, foot and mouth disease
    Coxsackie A virus    Hand, foot and mouth disease Coxsackie A virus
  43. 43—Abscess
    localized collection of pus from acute infection.    Abscess localized collection of pus from acute infection.
  44. 44—Cellulitis
    life threatening if not treated    Cellulitis life threatening if not treated
  45. 45—Chancre caused by syphilis.
    Treponema pallidum    Chancre caused by syphilis. Treponema pallidum
  46. 46—Hutchinson's teeth and mulberry molars
    caused by syphilis (congenital)    Hutchinson's teeth and mulberry molars caused by syphilis (congenital)
  47. 47—Leprosy
    Mycobacterium leprae    Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
  48. 48—HypoplasiaHypoplasia
  49. 49Teratomadisordered arrangement of overgrowth
    involving mature tissues not usually present in the area.
    More often benign,but can be malignant.
  50. 50—Eruption cystsEruption cysts
  51. 51—AmeloblastomaAmeloblastoma
  52. 52—atherosclerosis
    fat, cholesterol buildup in artery walls    atherosclerosis fat, cholesterol buildup in artery walls
  53. 53—aneurysm
    dilation of blood vessel due to pressure
    commonly aorta or cerebral arteries
    potential to rupture    aneurysm dilation of blood vessel due to pressure commonly aorta or cerebral arteries potential to rupture
  54. 54—Goitre
    Swelling of thyroid    Goitre Swelling of thyroid
  55. 55—HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism
  56. 56—Gingival overgrowth caused by Dilantin medication for epilepsy.Gingival overgrowth caused by Dilantin medication for epilepsy.
  57. 57—Greenstick fractureGreenstick fracture
  58. 58—Comminuted fractureComminuted fracture
  59. 59—Compound fractureCompound fracture
  60. 60—OsteoradionecrosisOsteoradionecrosis
  61. 61—RicketsRickets
  62. 62—Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis
  63. 63—Gout
    uric acid build up in joint space    Gout uric acid build up in joint space
  64. 64—Chronic hyperplastic pulpitisChronic hyperplastic pulpitis
  65. 65—Pulp calcificationPulp calcification
  66. 66—Acute apical periodontitisAcute apical periodontitis
  67. 67—Dry socketDry socket
  68. 68—osteomyelitisosteomyelitis
  69. 69—Natal teeth
    present at birth    Natal teeth present at birth
  70. 70—ImpactionImpaction
  71. 71—Dilaceration
    Could be from trauma    Dilaceration Could be from trauma
  72. 72—Ectopic developmentEctopic development
  73. 73—External root resorptionExternal root resorption
  74. 74—SubluxationSubluxation
  75. 75cell lysis• Production of virus early proteins cause
    shut down of host macromolecules
    • Accumulation of large amounts of viral
    capsid proteins inhibit host cell and viral
    synthesis
  76. 76SyncytiaCell fusion
    • Certain viruses produce specified fusion
    proteins which mediate entry into cell
    • These also cause plasma membrane of host cells
    to fuse
    • Formation of giant multinucleated cells
    (Syncytia)
  77. 77how can the immune system cause damage to host cells?• Damage to host is mediated through the
    immune system which is attempting to remove
    the virus or viral infected cells
    • Primarily due to cytotoxic T cells which destroy
    cells with virus antigenic markers
  78. 78name the types of skin rashes.• Vesicular eruptions
    • Maculopapular rash
    • Purpuric rashes
    • Haemorrhagic rashes
  79. 79how can viruses be transmitted?– Inhalation
    – Ingestion
    – Inoculation
    – Sexual contact
    – Transplantation
    – Vertical transmission (mother to foetus)
  80. 80how do viruses invade the body?• Ultimately virus must cross skin or a mucus
    membrane
    • To pass skin requires injury or trauma to allow
    virus entry
    – Insect bites, direct inoculation (needles), lesions
    • Entry across mucus membranes easier for viruses
    as they often get absorbed directly into epithelial
    cells
  81. 81how do viruses evade an immune response?• Viruses poorly immunogenic
    • Do not display enough antigen on cell surface
    • Inactivate B cells, T cells, macrophages
    • Interfere with expression or transportation of
    MHC proteins
    • Excess antigen production to bind all
    neutralizing antibodies
    • Mutations that change antigenic proteins of
    virus
    • Infection of foetus before immune system
    developed
  82. 82Disorders of the immune system Immunodeficiency:
     Primary.
     Secondary.
     Autoimmune Disorders:
     Acquired.
     Genetic.
     Hypersensitivity Reactions:
     Type I
     Type II
     Type III
     Type IV
  83. 83Defects in primary immunodefiency. Defects in antibody production.
     Defects in CMI.
     Defects in phagocyte function.
     Primary complement deficiency
  84. 84Types of autoimmune disordersAcquired and genetic
  85. 85why do autoimmune diseases occur? An antigen not normally exposed becomes exposed: e.g. thyroglobulin
    which is normally trapped within thyroid follicles.
     A tolerated antigen may become altered by combination with a foreign
    hapten: e.g. thrombocytopenia where platelets are destroyed by
    combination with a simple drug such as aspirin.
     A self antigen becomes damaged: e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.
     Cross reaction with antibodies to foreign antigens very similar to self
    antigens: e.g. rheumatic fever, type I diabetes (?)
     Mutation of genes that code for non-self-antibodies. This will lead to a
    generalised increased frequency of autoimmune diseases.
  86. 86What are the hypersensitivity types?Type 1
    type 2 - Cytotoxic reactions
    type 3-immune complex mediated reactions
    type 4- cell mediated
  87. 87what are the classifications of disease?1. Inflammatory
    2. Neoplastic
    3. Degenerative
    4. Toxic
    5. Metabolic
    6. Genetic
    7. Congenital
    8. Cysts
  88. 88Idiopathic we don’t know why it has occurred.
     we may not even understand the
    mechanism.
  89. 89list common types of pathogensprions, virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, metazoa.
  90. 90what disease can prions cause?Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
  91. 91what are the local consequences of AIR?1. Pus/abscess
    2. cellulitis
    3. Exudate of mucous membranes
    4. Swelling
  92. 92What are the systemic effects of AIR?fever
    malaise
    fatigue
    chronic inflammation
    enlarged lymph nodes.
    elevated WBC count
  93. 93how does cancer metastasize?lymphatic system
    bloodstream
    direct invasion
  94. 94what sites commonly develop 2ndary cancer?Lungs, bones, brain, liver
  95. 95name the aetiology associated with malignancy.Chemical agents, electromagnetic radiation, hormones, immuno-suppression, genetic predisposition.
  96. 96what are the variations of behaviour in malignancy?clinical features, speed of growth, timing/method of metastasis, 2ndary cancer sites and response to treatment
  97. 97what are the clinical features of malignancy?ulceration, lumps-affected lymph nodes, functional problems, pain, swelling, changes in colour.
  98. 98generalized symptoms of malignancytiredness, weight loss, fevers, anorexia, anaemia and cachexia.
  99. 99methods of diagnosing malignancy Endoscopy.
     Microscopy/Histology.
     Diagnostic imaging.
     Biochemistry/Immunology.
     Screening
  100. 100what malignancy signs/symptoms must OHTs look out for? Swellings.
     Ulcers.
     Cervical lymph node enlargement.
     Unusual radiographic findings
     Functional problems – dysphagia.
     Loss of appetite, loss of weight.
     Infections – leukaemia (commonest childhood cancer), may first
    present as gingivitis.
     Anaemia.
     Mobile teeth, pain, numbness…
  101. 101Implications of xerostomia?caries
    discomfort
    yeast infection
  102. 102dental implications of malignancy treatmentsxerostomia
    osteonecrosis -> impaired bone healing
    reduced immunity-> recurring perio disease
    recurring/ 2ndary malignancies
  103. 103diseases of blood vesselshypertension
    atherosclerosis
    aneurysms
  104. 104aetiology of hypertensionprimary- genetic predisposition, smooth muscle tone.
    secondary-  hyperthyroidism,
     kidney disease,
     adrenal disease
     various neoplasia…
  105. 105sequelae for hypertension Strain on the heart -> chronic heart failure.
     May rupture weakened vessels (aneurysm)
     Damages kidneys -> kidney disease
     Is a demonstrated cause of atherosclerosis which may
    lead to:
     Ischaemic heart disease.
     Stroke
  106. 106Diagnostic methods for atherosclerosisAngiograms: Injection of contrast media
    and then radiography.
    Ultrasound
  107. 107medications for hypertension To decrease vascular tone:
     Beta blockers,
     ACE inhibitors,
     Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB’s),
     Calcium channel blockers (CCB’s)
     To reduce blood volume:
     e.g. diuretics
  108. 108vessels affected by atherosclerosis Aorta.
     Coronary arteries.
     Carotid arteries.
     Renal arteries.
     Lower distal extremities.
  109. 109diagnostic methods for atherosclerosisangiograms: Injection of contrast media
    and then radiography.
  110. 110sequelae of atherosclerosisIschaemia of the heart:
     Angina,
     Myocardial infarction.
    Cerebral infarction:
     “Stroke”.
    Peripheral vascular disease:
     Gangrene
     Amputations.
     Aneurysm:
    Pathological dilation of the wall of a blood vessel
  111. 111Sequelae of aneurysmThrombus
    embolus
    ruptures
  112. 112Name diseases of the heartAngina
    Acute heart failure
    chronic heart failure
    Infection
    Arrhythmias
  113. 113name diseases of WBCsLeukemia
    lymphoma
    myeloma
    leukopenia
  114. 114how is leukemia classified?Acute
    chronic
    cells from bone marrow
    lymphocytic
  115. 115what is lymphoma and how is it classified? A cancer of the lymphatic system with lymphocytic proliferation
    arising from lymph nodes (& other lymphoid tissues).
    Lymphomas are classified as :
     Hodgkin's Lymphoma
     Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  116. 116myeloma A cancer of the bone marrow affecting plasma cells.
     Myelomas often affect multiple sites and are therefore often referred
    to as “multiple myelomas”.

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Flashcards on OB, created by Noor Haider on 14/10/2023.
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Noor Haider
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