Chemistry

Chemistry

1. Distillation

   • Purifying a liquid in the process of heating and cooling
   • Can be used to separate mixtures
   • Fractional Distillation of Crude oil
     • 1) Refinery Gases
     • 2) Petrol
     • 3) Naphta
     • 4) Kerosene
     • 5) Diesel
     • 6) Fuel Oil
     • 7) Lubricating Oil
     • 8) Bitumen

2. Evaporation

   • The process of turning from liquid to vapour
     • Water in the sea evaporating due to the Sun

3. Bunsen Burners

   • Open
     • Safety-Flame
     • Orange
     • 300'
   • Closed
     • 2 blue cones
     • 700'
   • Half-Open
     • Blue
     • 500'
     • Most Dangerous

4. Chromatography

   • The seperation of different solutes based on different solubilities
   • Another way of finding out whether a substance is pure or a mixture
   • Solute
     • A substance which dissolves in a solvent
   • Solvent
     • A liquid which dissolves a solute (like water or ethanol)
   • Solution
     • A mixture of a solvent and a solute

5. Acids

   • Red pH
   • citric acid
   • ethanoic acid
   • hydrochloric acid
   • nitric acid
   • sulpheric acid

6. Alkalis

   • Blue pH
   • Sodium hydrogen carbonate
   • sodium hydroxide
   • ammonia

7. NEUTRAL

8. Air and Gases

   • Hydrogen
     • Test: with a lighted splint
     • positive result: with a squeaky pop
   • Oxygen
     • Test: place a glowing splint in a gas jar
     • positive result: if splint relights
   • Carbon Dioxide
     • Test: bubble gas through limewater
     • positive result: if splint relights