PASSIVES

PASSIVES

1. FORMACIÓN

   • BE + PAST PPLE
     • VER CUADRO CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED GRAMMAR IN USE. PÁGINA 235

2. CARACTERÍSTICAS

   • NO PASIVA
     • INTRANSITIVOS
       •   RICK CAME LATER IMPOSIBLE: RICK WAS COME LATER   
     • PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
     • STATE VERBS
       • OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE A SIMILAR POLICY IMPOSSIBLE: A SIMILAR POLICY IS HAD BY OTHER COUNTRIES.
   • BY-AGENT
   • WITH - OBJETO QUE USAMOS PARA LLEVAR A CABO LA ACCIÓN
     • COVER/DECORATE WITH
   • PHRASALS. NO SE SEPARAN
     • THEY TOOK THE COMPANY OVER IN 2010 THE COMPANY WAS TAKEN OVER IN 2010
   • SIEMPRE EN PASIVA
     • TO BE MARRIED TO BE BORN

3. USOS

   • NO NOS IMPORTA QUIEN REALIZA LA ACCIÓN
   • DESCONOCIDO
     • MI OFFICE WAS BROKEN INTO LAST NIGHT
   • OBVIO
     • HE WAS ARRESTED AND CHARGED WITH THEFT (POR QUIEN? POR LA POLICÍA OBVIAMENTE.
   • ACTIVA: QUE HACE EL SUJETO PASIVA: QUÉ LE PASA AL SUJETO
   • PROCESOS TÉCNICOS O CIENTÍFICOS
     • WATER WAS ADDED AND MIXTURE WAS HEATED TO 85ºC
   • MEJOR IT-CLAUSE QUE THAT-CLAUSE
     • EVERYBODY BELIEVED THAT THE PLAN WOULD FAIL. IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE PLAN WOULD FAIL. THAT THE PLAN WOULD FAIL WAS BELIEVED BY EVERYBODY.

4. MODAL PASSIVES

   • USUAL: PRESENT MODAL + BE + PAST PPLE
     • YOU can be kept IN CUSTODY FOR 24 HOURS
   • PAST TENSE
     • COULD/MIGHT/WOULD + BE + PAST PPLE
       • THEY CLAIMED THAT THEY couldn't be stopped
     • PERFECT PASSIVES
       • MODAL + HAVE BEEN + PAST PPLE
         • HIS ANSWERS must have been copied FROM SOMEONE ELSE.
   • MODAL CONTINUOUS PASSIVES
     • RARAS
     • MODAL + BE BEING + PAST PPLE
       • I SEE THAT MEN ARE WORKING ON THE ROOF. I THINK IT may be being repaired AT LAST
     • PREFERIMOS
       • ACTIVE
         • THEY'RE REPAIRING IT AT LAST
       • CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
         • IT'S BEING REPAIRED AT LAST
   • PHRASAL MODAL
     • HAVE TO > HAVE TO BE + PAST PPLE
       • SOMEONE HAS TO TELL CHRIS TO STOP INTERRUPTING. CHRIS HAS/HAD TO BE TOLD TO STOP INTERRUMPING
     • BE GOING TO > BE GOING TO BE + PAST PPLE
       • SOMEONE IS GOING TO STEAL THE CAR. IT IS/WAS GOING TO BE STOLEN
       • TAMBIÉN EN PASADO

5. PASSIVE INFINITVES AND GERUNDS

   • PASSIVE INFINITIVE
     • (NOT) TO BE + PAST PPLE
       • HE EXPECTS MOST OF THE WORK TO BE FINISHED BEFORE THE WEEKEND.
   • PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE
     • TO HAVE BEEN + PAST PPLE
       • SHE'S REALLY EXCITED TO HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO PLAY THE PART.
   • PASSIVE GERUND
     • BEING + PAST PPLE
       • I DIDN'T LIKE BEING ASKED ABOUT MY PRIVATE LIFE
   • PERFECT PASSIVE GERUND
     • HAVING BEEN + PAST PPLE
       • HE DIDN'T MENTION HAVING BEEN PROMOTED WHEN HE TALKED.

6. VERBOS CON DOS OBJETOS

   • CUALQUIER OBJETO PUEDE IR PRIMERO
     • SALVO QUE EN ACTIVA NO LO PERMITA
       • THE JUDGE FINED HIM 250 € IMPOSSIBLE: THE JUDGE FINED 250€ HIM HE WAS FINED 250€ IMPOSSIBLE: 250€ WAS FINED TO HIM
     • SALVO QUE EN ACTIVA SEA OI + OD
       • HE EXPLAINED TO ME HOW TO DRIVE A TRAIN. HOW TO DRIVE A TRAIN WAS EXPLAINED TO ME IMPOSSIBLE: TO ME HOW TO DRIVE A TRAIN WAS EXPLAINED.

7. ACTIVA: VERB + OBJETO + BARE INFINITIVE. PASIVA: TO INF

   • THEY HAVE MADE HIM RETURN THE MONEY HE HAS BEEN MADE TO RETURN THE MONEY

8. ACTIVA: VERB + ING. PASIVA: BEING + PAST PPLE

9. ACTIVA: VERB + OBJECT + ING. PASIVA: BE + PAST PPLE + ING

   • THE SAW THE MONKEY CLIMBING OVER THE FENCE. THE MONKEY WAS SEEN CLIMBING OVER THE FENCE.

10. ACTIVA: VERB + TO INF. PASIVA: BE + PAST PPLE + TO INFIN

    • MR PRICE HAS TAUGHT PETER TO SING. PETER HAS BEEN TAUGHT TO SING
    • NO EN VERBOS DE LIKING Y WANTING: HATE, LOVE, PREFER, WANT, WISH...
    • A VECES DOBLE PASIVA
      • WE EXPECT THE GOVERNMENT TO PROPOSE CHANGES TO THE TAXATION SYSTEM. CHANGED TO THE TAXATION SYSTEM ARE EXPECTED(1) TO BE PROPOSED (2)

11. ACTIVA: VERB + INF + OBJECT. PASIVA: VERB + TO BE + PAST PPLE

    • SUPERMARKET STARTED TO SELL FRESH PASTA IN 1990 PASTA WAS STARTED TO BE SOLD BY SUPERMARKETS IN 1990.
    • CUIDADO!! HAY VERBOS QUE CAMBIAN DE SIGNIFICADO
      • MR SMITH WANTED TO HELP ME. I WANTED TO BE HELPED BY MR SMITH

12. REPORTING

    • ACTIVA: THAT + THERE. PASIVA: THERE + PASSIVE VERB + TO BE/TO HAVE BEEN
      • IT'S TOUGHT THAT THERE ARE TOO MANY OBSTACLES TO PEACE. THERE ARE THOUGHT TO BE TOO MANY OBSTACLES TO PEACE.
    • IT + PASSIVE VERB + THAT CLAUSE
      • IT IS REPORTED THAT THE DAMAGE IS EXTENSIVE
      • ACTIVA: REPORTING VERB + OI + THAT CLAUSE. PASIVA: PASSIVE FORM + THAT CLAUSE
        • THEY HAVE INFORMED US THAT WE HAVE TO LEAVE THE BUILDING. WE HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT WE HAVE TO LEAVE THE BUILDING.
    • PRESENT REFERENCE
      • VBOS DE OPINION EN PASIVA + TO INF
        • VITAMIN C IS KNOWN TO BE GOOD FOR TREATING COLDS.
    • PAST REFERENCE
      • VERBOS EN OPINIÓN EN PASIVA PRESENTE + PAST INFINITIVE (TO HAVE + PAST PPLE)
        • SMITH IS BELIEVED TO HAVE LEFT ENGLAND LAST WEEK.
      • REPORTING VERB EN PASADO + PERFECT INFINITIVE (SALVO CON TO BE)
        • PEOPLE THOUGHT SUE HAD PAID TOO MUCH. SUE WAS THOUGHT TO HAVE PAID TOO MUCH.
        • SALVO TO BE
          • THE POLICE THOUGHT THAT THE THIEF WAS STILL IN THE HOUSE. THE THIEF WAS THOUGHT TO STILL BE IN THE HOUSE.