Water

Water

1. Functional Groups

   • They are a group of atoms that determine certain characteristics and properties of the molecule they are attached to
     • In this case, water has a functional group called "Hydroxyl"

2. Polarity

   • Polarity is used to see how polar a molecule is. When 2 atoms bond covalently to form a molecule, they can be polar or non-polar
     • Polar
       • Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electrons when bonded. This is because one atom has a stronger electronegativity than the other one, so it has a stronger force of attraction to electrons, causing the molecules to have positive and negative "poles"
     • Non-Polar
       • Non-polar molecules have a relatively even distrubution of electrons due to both atoms having similar electronegativity values, therefore their forces of attraction on electrons are relatively the same.

3. Hydrogen Bonding

   • Hydrogen bonding is the bond between a hydrogen atom and another more electronegative atom. In this case, it's oxygen.
     • Hydrogen bonding is why non-polar solutes like oil are insoluble in water.
       • This is what causes adhesion and cohesion, which is what allows the leaves of tall trees to get water.

4. Intermolecular forces of attraction

   • There are 4 main types of intermolecular bonding:
     • dipole-dipole
       • As in hydrogen bonding, polar molecules have one slightly positive end and one slightly negative end, causing the molecules to attract and repel.
     • hydrogen bonding
       • Hydrogen bonding is a bond between hydrogen and any other atom with a high electronegativity value. Because of this, oxygen atoms from one water molecule are attracted to hydrogen atoms of another water molecule. They share a strong bond, which is why water likes to stick together.
     • london dispersion
       • Often, electrons are evenly distributed around an atom. Sometimes, they can be found all on 1 side of the molecule, which causes a small negative charge on that side, which repels electrons in other nearby molecules, causing the nearby molecules to get close enough to attract eachother.
     • ionic-dipole
       • This happens when the electrons are unequally shared, so atoms attract or repel.

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