F212 Unit 1 Molecules Key Words

F212 Unit 1 Molecules Key Words

1. Biological Molecules

   • Water
     • Polarity
       • delta
     • Cohesive
     • hydrogen bonding
     • Solvent
       • ions
         • Dissolve
     • Temperature control
       • Specific Heat Capacity
       • Specific latent heat of evaporation
     • density
       • insulation
   • Carbohydrates
     • Alpha Glucose
     • polysaccharide formation
       • condensation
       • hydrolysis
       • glycosidic bond
     • beta glucose
     • monosaccharides
     • disaccharides
     • polysaccharides
     • Starch
       • amylose
         • cylinder
           • compact
         • unbrached
       • amylopectin
         • branched
         • quick
       • energy storage in plants
       • insoluble in water
     • glycogen
       • similar to amylopectin
         • more side branches though
       • branched
         • quick
       • compact
       • a-glucose
       • energy store in animals
     • cellulose
       • plant cell wall
       • beta-glucose
       • long straight cellulose chains
       • hydrogen bonds
       • microfibrils
   • Proteins
     • structures
       • primary
         • sequence
       • secondary
         • alpha helix
         • beta pleated sheet
         • hydrogen bonds
       • tertiary
         • ionic interactions
         • hydrogen bonds
         • hydrophobic, hydrophilic interactions
         • disulfide bonds
       • quaternary
         • 3D
         • chains
         • prosthetic group
     • carboxyl / acid group
     • Amino group
     • polypeptide formation
       • condensation
       • hydrolysis
       • Peptide bonds
     • Variable group
     • dipeptide
     • fibrous
       • collagen
     • globular
       • haemoglobin
   • Lipids
     • triglyceride
       • 3 fatty acid tail
         • unsaturated
       • glycerol head
       • ester bond
       • energy store
         • chemical energy
       • insoluble
         • osmosis
         • droplets
     • phospholipid
       • phosphate group
         • ionised
           • attract water molecules
             • hydrophilic
     • hydrocarbons
     • cholesterol
       • hydrocarbon ring structure
         • polar hydroxyl group attatched
       • hydrocarbon tail
       • phospholipid bilayer

2. Nucleic Acid

   • DNA - deoxyribose nucleic acid
     • nucleotides
       • Deoxyribose sugar - pentose
       • phosphate
       • nitrogenous bases
         • pyrimidine
           • cytosine
           • thymine
         • purine
           • adenine
           • guanine
       • forms sugar phosphate backbone
         • polynucleotide strand
           • attach w/ hydrogen bonds between bases
             • 3 between G and C
             • 2 between A and T
           • antiparallel
     • double helix
     • contain many genes
   • RNA - ribonucleic acid
     • Uracil
     • mRNA
     • only one polynucleotide strand
     • ribose sugar
   • DNA repliction
     • semi conservative replication
       • helicase
         • hydrogen bonds
       • DNA polymerase
         • join
       • template
       • free floating nucleotides
       • complementary
       • original
   • protein synthesis
     • gene
       • 3 bases
         • order
           • codes
             • amino acids
     • mutations
       • changes
         • overall 3D shape
     • mRNA

3. Enzymes

   • intracellular
   • extracellular
   • globular proteins
   • active site
     • tertiary structure
     • substrate
       • enzyme substrate complex
       • complementary
   • speed up
     • activation energy for reaction
       • reduce this
     • anabolic
       • reducing any repulsion
         • join more easily
     • catabolic
       • strain on bonds in the substrate
         • break more easily
   • lock and key
     • complementary shape
   • induced fit
     • tight
     • enzyme substrate complex
       • changed shape
     • only one particular substrate
   • Temperature
     • heat = kinetic energy
       • more likely to collide
       • energy of collisions increases
     • optimum temperature
     • too high
       • vibrate more
         • breaks bonds
           • 3D structure
             • active site - denatured
               • no enzyme substrate complex
                 • reaction stops
   • pH
     • optimum
     • acidic
       • H+ ions
     • alkaline
       • OH- ions
     • break hydrogen and ionic bonds
       • tertiary structure
         • denatured
   • Enzyme concentration
     • increased conc.
       • more enzyme molecules
         • more likely to collide
           • enzyme substrate complex
             • increase rate
     • limited amount of substrate
       • at some point
         • no further effect
   • substrate concentration
     • increase conc.
       • more substrate
         • more enzyme substrate complexes
           • increased rate
     • limited amount of enzymes
       • saturation
         • all active sites are occupied
           • no further effect
   • cofactors
     • inorganic
     • unchanged
     • help make enzyme-substrate complex
   • coenzymes
     • organic
     • changed
     • carriers - moving chemical groups
   • enzyme inhibitors
     • competitive
       • block
       • similar shape
       • relative conc.s
     • noncompetitive
       • bind away from active site
       • change shape
       • no longer bind
     • reversible / non-reversible
       • strength of bond
         • strong
           • inhibitor can't be removed easily
             • irreversible

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