Module 3

Module 3

1. Chapter 15

   • The School
     • Factors for Delinquency
       • Low academic performance
         • Little School Invovlement
           • Low attachment to school
             • Poor relationships to teachers
               • Low goals
                 • Dropping out
                   • Misbehavior
     • Factors for Success
       • Small schools / good resources
         • Good discipline
           • Opportunities and Praise
             • High expectations
               • Pleasant Working Conditions
                 • Cooperation
                   • Community Involvement

2. Chapter 16

   • Delinquent Peers and Gangs
     • Only small % of delinquent peer groups are gangs
       • Offending Groups (actually commit delinquent acts)
         • Accomplice Networks (pool of potential co-offenders available)
           • Similar in terms of age and sex
             • One person = the instigator
               • Most Gang Members =
                 • Poor
                 • Male
                 • Urban Communities
                 • Teenagers
                 • Minority
     • Why do Juveniles Join Gangs?
       • Social
       • Positie identity
       • Security
       • Financial gain

3. Chapter 17

   • Other Social Influences
     • Religion
       • May increase control
     • Work
       • Reduce monetary strain
       • Increase control
     • Mass Media
       • TV / Movie violence
         • Modest effect
     • Music
     • Cyberbullying
     • Drugs
     • Gun Ownership

4. Chapter 18

   • Pulling It All Together
     • Major Direct Causes
       • Four Clusters
         • Irritability / Low Self Control
         • Poor Parenting
         • Negative School Experiences
         • Association with Delinquent Peers
     • Theories
       • Strain Theory
         • Stressful events or conditions
       • Social Learning Theory
         • Associating with others modeling delinquency
       • Control Theory
         • Weak Controls
       • Labeling Theory
         • Labeled "delinquent"
     • Sexual Abuse
       • Females more likely to be victims of sexual abuse
       • Can cause delinquency

5. Chapter 19

   • Policies and Programs
     • Randomized Experiment
       • Doing something to a group of people then observing the consequences
     • Before and After Study
     • Treatment Group
       • Participate in the program
     • Comparison Group / Control Group
       • Do not participate
     • Random sample
     • Random assignment
     • Delinquency is often measured in terms of arrest rates
   • Two Reasons Programs are Ineffective
     • Program does not work
     • Program is not properly implemented

6. Chapter 20

   • The Police
     • Crime fighters
     • Preventative patrol
       • Not the best policing strategy
     • No good evidence that increasing number of police reduces crime rate
     • Crackdowns in hotspots are effective
     • Community Policing
       • Fosters ties with the community
       • More effective
       • Solves underlying problems that lead to crime
       • Involves community residents in fighting crime
       • Not easy to implement
     • Problem Oriented Policing
       • Scanning
         • Identify Problems
       • Analysis
         • Analyze Problems
       • Response
         • Solution to the problem
       • Assessment
         • Evaluate the effectiveness

7. Chapter 21

   • Juvenile Court and Corrections
     • Set up to rehab juveniles rather than punish them
     • Delinquency
     • Property crimes
     • Public order offences
     • Violent crimes
     • Drug offenses
     • 72% of cases are males
     • Intake Screening
     • Informal Processing
       • Informal Probation
     • Diversion Programs
       • Informal: Counseling, mentoring, drug treatment, etc.
     • Teen Courts
     • Petition
       • Describes the offense
       • Waiver
         • Judicial Waiver
         • Prosecutor discretion
         • Statutory waiver
     • Risk and Needs Assessments
     • Probation
       • Supervision and treatment of the juvenile in the community by a probation officer
     • Sanctions
     • Aftercare services

8. Chapter 22

   • The Juvenile Justice System
     • Control delinquency in a fair or just manner
       • African Americans are overrepresented in all aspects of the juvenile justice system
         • Direct Discrimination
           • Racism
         • Indirect Discrimination
           • Race is associated with a variable that influences treatment by the police and courts