ESL Methods & Approaches

ESL Methods & Approaches

1. Communicative

   • 1960's- 1970's: Research on language
   • STUDENT- CENTERE: FOCUSED ON COMMUNICATION & MEANINGFUL ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE
   • METHODS
     • silent Way (Historical)
       • Teacher- modeling/ talk
       • Reinforcement through repetition/ signals
       • Seldom content-based
     • Natural Way (Historical)
       • Stresses comprehensible input
       • Minimal error correction/ prodiction
       • Acceptance of students' L1
     • Suggestopedia
       • Emphasis on relaxed physical seting
       • Minimal error correction
       • Use of L1 for explanations
       • Not necessarily content- based
     • Integrated Content- Based
       • Focuses on L2 development
       • Focus on content & language integration
       • Subject area integrated into thematic units
     • Sheltered Instruction
       • Grade Level modified curriculm
       • Scaffolding instruction
       • Visuals, cooperative learning, & guarded vocabulary
   • Approaches
     • Ex's from sheltered instruction method:
       • Scaffolding
       • Guarded vocabulary
       • Cooperative learning
       • hands-on activities
     • Techniques
       • Reduced use of idioms
       • Manipulatives & realia
       • Simulations/ big books
       • Heterogeneous grouping

2. Cognitive

   • 1980's & 1990's research on learning functions, memory, & cognitive
   • LEARNER- CENTEREED: LEARNING STRATEGY
   • METHODS
     • CALLA
       • Developmentally appropriate language instruction
       • Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 & L2 as related to content aread
       • Focus on prior knowledge
       • Explicit instruction in the following learning strategies:
         • Metacognitive, Cognitive, Social affective
   • APPROACHES
     • Examples from CALLA method
       • Cooperative learning
       • Explicit LS instruction
       • Maximizing content & language objectives
     • GENERAL EXAMPLES
       • KWL chart
       • Questioning
       • Word walls
       • Outlines

3. Grammatical

   • Greek & Latin instruction in 19th century
   • Rules & structures of target language are TEACHER-CENTERED
     • METHODS
       • Grammar- Translation
         • Focus on development of reading, writing, and grammar
         • Less emphasis on oral language development
         • Rules of grammar are taught holistically
       • Direct (Historical)
         • Focus on total immersion
         • No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
         • Open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into classroom
       • Audiolingual (Historical)
         • Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
         • Minimal use of L1
         • Focus on error correction, drills, & repetitive practice
   • Direct Method Ex'amples
     • Drill & practice
     • Rote memorization
   • General Ex's/ Approaches
     • Dialogue memorization
     • Repetition
     • Mnemonics
     • Kinetics

4. CALLA INSTRUCTIONAL CONCEPTS

   • Balanced Reading Approach
     • Children do not learn to read in only one way, but that individual variation in literacy development.
   • Language Experience Approach
     • Students learn that what is said can be written down and what is written down can be read.
   • Standard Based Instruction
     • Based on national or state standards for each content subject area
     • Focuses on what is goin gon in students minds rather than in their overt responses.
   • Process Writing
     • Students learn that writing involves thinking, reflection, & multiple revisions
   • Cooperative learning
     • Students work in organized group settings so that all students share the responsibility for completing the task.
   • Inquiry Approach
     • Students transition through an inquiry cycle designed to help learning from experience.

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