Water Resources and Quality

Page 1

WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY

Water , water, everywhere …

Water is one of the most

vital natural resources for all life on Earth. The availability and quality of

water always have played an important part in determining not only where people

can live, but also their quality of life. Even though there always has been

plenty of fresh water on Earth, water has not always been available when and

where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses. Water

must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its

availability and suitability for use.

The balance between supply and

demand for water is a delicate one. The availability of usable water has and

will continue to dictate where and to what extent development will occur. Water

must be in sufficient supply for an area to develop, and an area cannot

continue to develop if water demand far outstrips available supply. Further, a

water supply will be called upon to meet an array of off stream uses (in which

the water is withdrawn from the source) in addition to in stream uses (in which

the water remains in place).

Read more: Uses of Water - building, river, oceans, important,

largest, plants, source, human http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Uses-of-Water.html#b#ixzz20etXQ8TN

1.1.2 Raw Water Source

Water covers 75% of the surface of the earth. Fresh

water makes up only 3% of the water on the planet. Of the fresh water, 80% is

in the form of ice, 19% is underground, and 0.7% is found in the atmosphere.

Because of this, only the remaining 0.3% of fresh water is surface water in earth.

What is surface water?

Surface water is the easiest water to understand because we see it every

day. It is any water that travels or is stored on top of the

ground. This would be the water that is in rivers, lakes, streams,

reservoirs, even the oceans--even though we can't drink salt water.

Sometimes surface water sinks into the ground and becomes ground water. We

visited a few water facilities and each one mentioned runoff. Runoff is

the water that runs in gutters, off roofs, and out of mall parking lots when it

rains. This is surface water, too. Runoff is a problem

because it carries bad things like car oil, road salt, and trash into the water

supply.

Surface water is treated before it becomes

drinking water. This is done because things like leaves, fish, animal

droppings, and boat fuel can easily get into lakes, streams, and rivers. Surface sources, such as

Ponds and

lakes;

Streams and

rivers;

Storage

reservoirs; and

Oceans,

generally not used for water supplies, at present.

What is ground water?

Ground water is a little harder to understand than surface water because you

can't actually see this water. Any water that is underground is

groundwater. In the water cycle, some of the precipitation

sinks into the ground and goes into watersheds, aquifers and springs. The amount of water that seeps into the ground

depends on how steep the land is and what is under ground. For example:

places that have lots of sand underground will allow more water to sink in than

ones that have lots of rock.

When the water seeps down, it will reach a layer of ground

that already has water in it. That is the saturated zone. The highest point in the saturated zone is called the

water table. The water table can raise and lower depending on seasons and

rainfall.

Groundwater flows through layers of sand, clay, rock,

and gravel. This cleans the water. Because groundwater stays

underground, things that fall into surface water can't fall into it. This

means that groundwater stays cleaner than water on the surface. It

has its problems, too. When farmers use fertilizers and insecticides,

rain will wash them into the soil where they get into aquifers

[groundwater]. Gas stations have big, underground tanks where they keep

the gas. If these leak, the gas sinks into the groundwater,

too. Groundwater doesn't need as much treatment as surface water,

but it usually gets some because of these problems.

Sub-surface sources or

underground sources, such as

Springs;

Infiltration

wells ; and

Wells and

Tube-wells.

1.2 Water Quality Characteristics

The raw or treated water

is analysed by testing their physical, chemical and bacteriological

characteristics:

Physical

Characteristics:

Turbidity

Turbidity is the measure

of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and

is an expression of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the

water when a light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity

of scattered light, the higher the turbidity. Material that causes water to be

turbid include clay, silt, finely divid

ed inorganic and organic

matter, algae, soluble colored organic compounds, and plankton and other

microscopic organisms.

Turbidity makes water cloudy or

opaque. During a rainstorm, particles from the surrounding land are washed into

the river making the water a muddy brown color, indicating water that has

higher turbidity values. Also, during high flows, water velocities are faster

and water volumes are higher, which can more easily stir up and suspend

material from the stream bed, causing higher turbidities.

If a large amount of

suspended solids are present in water, it will appear turbid in appearance. The

turbidity depends upon fineness and concentration of particles present in

water.

Originally turbidity was determined by measuring the depth of column of liquid

required to cause the image of a candle flame at the bottom to diffuse into a

uniform glow. This was measured by Jackson candle turbidity meter. The

calibration was done based on suspensions of silica from Fuller's earth. The

depth of sample in the tube was read against the part per million (ppm) silica

scale with one ppm of suspended silica called one Jackson Turbidity unit

(JTU). Because standards were prepared from materials found in nature such as

Fuller's earth, consistency in standard formulation was difficult to achieve.

These days turbidity is measured

by applying Nephelometry, a technique to measure level of light scattered by the

particles at right angles to the incident light beam. The scattered light level

is proportional to the particle concentration in the sample. The unit of

expression is Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). The MS values for

drinking water is 10 to 25 NTU.

Colour

Dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation or some

inorganic materials may impart colour to the water. It can be measured by comparing

the colour of water sample with other standard glass tubes containing solutions

of different standard colour intensities. The standard unit of colour is that

which is produced by one milligram of platinum cobalt dissolved in one litre of

distilled water. The MS value for treated water is 5 to 25 cobalt units

Highly colored water has

significant effects on aquatic plants and algal growth. Light is very critical

for the growth of aquatic plants and colored water can limit the penetration of

light. Thus a highly colored body of water could not sustain aquatic life which

could lead to the long term impairment of the ecosystem. Very high algal growth

that stays suspended in a water body can almost totally block light penetration

as well as use up the dissolved oxygen in the water body, causing a eutrophic condition that can

drastically reduce all life in the water body. At home, colored water may stain

textile and fixtures and can cause permanent damage.

Taste and Odour

Odour depends on the contact of a stimulating substance with the

appropriate human receptor cell. Most organic and some inorganic chemicals,

originating from municipal or industrial wastes, contribute taste and odour to

the water. Taste and odour can be expessed in terms of odour intensity or

threshold values. A new method to estimate taste of water sample has been

developed based on flavour known as 'Flavour Profile Analysis' (FPA). The

character and intensity of taste and odour discloses the nature of pollution or

the presence of microorganisms.

Temperature

The increase in temperature decreases palatability, because at

elevated temperatures carbon dioxide and some other volatile gases are

expelled. The ideal temperature of water for drinking purposes is 5 to 12 °C - above 25 °C, water is not recommended

for drinking.

Temperature is also important because of its influence

on water chemistry. The rate of chemical reactions generally increases at

higher temperature. Water, particularly groundwater, with higher temperatures

can dissolve more minerals from the rocks it is in and will therefore have a

higher electrical conductivity. It is the opposite when considering a gas, such as

oxygen, dissolved in the water. Think about how much bubblier a cold soda is

compared to a warm one. The cold soda can keep more of the carbon dioxide

bubbles dissolved in the liquid than the warm one can, which makes it seem

fizzier when you drink it. How warm stream water is can affect the aquatic life

in the stream. Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cool water, and may not contain enough dissolved

oxygen for the survival of different species of aquatic life. Some compounds

are also more toxic to aquatic life at higher temperatures. (Source: A Citizen's Guide to Understanding and Monitoring

Lakes and Streams)

Solids

The sum total of foreign matter

present in water is termed as 'total solids'. Total solids is the matter that

remains as residue after evaporation of the sample and its subsequent drying at

a defined temperature (103 to 105 °C).

Total solids consist of volatile (organic) and non-volatile (inorganic or

fixed) solids. Further, solids are divided into suspended and dissolved solids.

Solids that can settle by gravity are settleable solids. The others are

non-settleable solids. MS acceptable limit for total solids is 500 mg/L

and tolerable limit is 3000 mg/L of dissolved limits.

Chemical

Characteristics:

pH

The pH of water determines the solubility (amount that

can be dissolved in the water) and biological availability (amount that can be

utilized by aquatic life) of chemical constituents such as nutrients

(phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon) and heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium,

etc.) pH value denotes the acidic or alkaline

condition of water. It is expressed on a scale ranging from 0 to 14, which is the

common logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. The

recommended pH range for treated drinking waters is 6.5 to 8.5.

Excessively high and low pHs can be detrimental for

the use of water. High pH causes a bitter taste, water pipes and water-using

appliances become encrusted with deposits, and it depresses the effectiveness

of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby causing the need for additional

chlorine when pH is high. Low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and

other substances.

Acidity

The acidity of water is a measure of its capacity to

neutralise bases. Acidity of water may be caused by the presence of uncombined

carbon dioxide, mineral acids and salts of strong acids and weak bases. It is

expressed as mg/L in terms of calcium carbonate. Acidity is nothing but

representation of carbon dioxide or carbonic acids. Carbon dioxide causes

corrosion in public water supply systems.

Alkalinity

The alkalinity of water is a

measure of its capacity to neutralise acids. It is expressed as mg/L in terms

of calcium carbonate. The various forms of alkalinity are (a) hydroxide

alkalinity, (b) carbonate alkalinity, (c) hydroxide plus carbonate alkalinity,

(d) carbonate plus bicarbonate alkalinity, and (e) bicarbonate alkalinity,

which is useful mainly in water softening and boiler feed water processes.

Alkalinity is an important parameter in evaluating the optimum coagulant

dosage.

Hardness

If water consumes excessive soap to produce lather, it is said to

be hard. Hardness is caused by divalent metallic cations. The principal

hardness causing cations are calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous and

manganese ions. The major anions associated with these cations are sulphates,

carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and nitrates.

The total hardness of water is

defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations, both expressed as

calcium carbonate, in mg/L. Hardness are of two types, temporary or carbonate

hardness and permanent or non carbonate hardness. Temporary hardness is one in

which bicarbonate and carbonate ion can be precipitated by prolonged boiling.

Non-carbonate ions cannot be precipitated or removed by boiling, hence the term

permanent hardness.

If the water is relatively hard,

you may notice that it is difficult to get a lather up when washing your hands

or clothes. And, industries in your area might have to spend money to soften

their water, as hard water can damage equipment. Hard water can even shorten

the life of fabrics and clothes!

Definition

Calcium Carbonate

Concentration

Soft Water

0 – 60 milligrams per

liter (mg/L)

Moderately Hard

61 – 120 mg/L

Hard

121 – 180 mg/L

Very Hard

181 or above

Chlorides

Chloride ion may be present in combination with one or

more of the cations of calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Chlorides of these

minerals are present in water because of their high solubility in water. Each

human being consumes about six to eight grams of sodium chloride per day, a

part of which is discharged through urine and night soil. Thus, excessive

presence of chloride in water indicates sewage pollution. MS value for drinking

water is 250 to 1000 mg/L.

Sulphates

Sulphates occur in water

due to leaching from sulphate mineral and oxidation of sulphides. Sulphates

are associated generally with calcium, magnesium and sodium ions. Sulphate in

drinking water causes a laxative effect and leads to scale formation in

boilers. It also causes odour and corrosion problems under aerobic

conditions. Sulphate should be less than 50 mg/L, for some industries.

Desirable limit for drinking water is 150 mg/L. May be extended upto 400

mg/L.

Iron

Iron is found on earth mainly as

insoluble ferric oxide. When it comes in contact with water, it dissolves to

form ferrous bicarbonate under favourable conditions. This ferrous bicarbonate

is oxidised into ferric hydroxide, which is a precipitate. Under anaerobic

conditions, ferric ion is reduced to soluble ferrous ion. Iron can impart bad

taste to the water, causes discolouration in clothes and incrustations in water

mains. MS value for drinking water is 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L.

Nitrates

Nitrates in surface waters occur by the leaching of fertilizers

from soil during surface run-off and also nitrification of organic matter.

Presence of high concentration of nitrates is an indication of pollution.

Concentration of nitrates above 45 mg/L cause a disease methemoglobinemia. MS

value is 45 mg/L.

Bacteriological

Characteristics:

Bacterial examination of water is very

important, since it indicates the degree of pollution. Water polluted by sewage

contains one or more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria.

Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases, and many non pathogenic

bacteria such as E.Coli, a member of coliform group, also live in the

intestinal tract of human beings. Coliform itself is not a harmful group

but it has more resistance to adverse condition than any other group. So, if it

is ensured to minimize the number of coliforms, the harmful species will be

very less. So, coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water with

sewage and presence of pathogens.

Drinking Water

Contaminants.

Clean fresh drinking water is needed by every person on the

planet for life, and water is by far the most important nutrient for the human

body (besides oxygen). Just how important is water to people? Well over 60 % of our physical being is

composed of it, and most experts believe that we cannot survive more than 2-7

days without water. In contrast, people can sometimes go for weeks without

eating food. Since the dawn of

time, people have used their senses to filter information about their

environment for life and survival. Of course, there are all types of external

dangers, but we rely heavily on our sense of taste, smell, and sight when

introducing things into our bodies. These sensory perceptions are very keen

while we are taking a drink of water. Often, the first thing we

notice is the color of the water. There are certain drinking water contaminants in our water that produce a

certain discoloration. If our drinking water passes the visual test, the smell

is often the next thing that catches our attention. Two common odors that

are typically encountered are either a chlorine, or a sulfur smell in

water. Moving on to the sense of taste, there are particularly bad tastes, such

as the metallic taste of water; this means you need to remove iron from

water. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, are contaminants in our water

that our senses cannot perceive. These might include bacteria, protozoan cyst,

and/or viruses.

Here’s the list of types of contaminants that

has to remove from municipal tap water:

1.

Organic compounds (Pesticides,

Herbicides, Pharmaceuticals, Fuels, etc.)

2. Toxic metals (Lead, Mercury, Aluminum,

Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, etc.)

3. Bacterial and viruses (Giardia,

Cryptosporidium, etc.)

4. Radioactive substances (Radon and Uranium,

etc.)

5. Additives (Chlorine and Chloramines,

Fluoride, etc.)

The following is a list of common water contaminants found in both

public and private drinking water supplies together with their health effects

and the most appropriate treatment methods for their removal.

Contaminant

Name

Maximum Acceptable Level

Common

Sources

Health

Effects

Most Effective Purification Technology

Arsenic

0.010 mg/L

Natural deposits, smelters, glass, electronics wastes, orchards

Skin, nervous system toxicity

Reverse Osmosis

Asbestos

7 MFL (million fibers / liter)

Natural deposits, asbestos

cement in water systems

Cancer

Reverse Osmosis,Activated Carbon

Barium

2 mg/L

Natural deposits, pigments, epoxy sealants, spent coal

Circulatory system effects

Reverse Osmosis

Bacteria / Coliform

-

animal & human waste, septic

fields, sewage, farming

various illnesses

Ultraviolet

Cadmium

0.005 mg/L

Natural deposits, galvanized pipe corrosion, batteries, paints

Kidney disorders

Reverse Osmosis

Chloradane

0.002 mg/L

Leaching from soil treatment for

termites

Cancer

Activated Carbon

Chlorine

4 mg/L

Water disinfection

see chlorination by-products (Trihalomethanes)

Activated Carbon, KDF

Chromium-6

0.1 mg/L

Natural deposits, mining,

electroplating, pigments

Liver, kidney, circulatory

disorders

Reverse Osmosis

Copper

1.3 mg/L

Natural / industrial deposits, wood preservatives, plumbing

Gastrointestinal irritation

Reverse Osmosis, KDF

Cryptosporidium

Zero

Animal or human waste,

contaminated food products

Gastrointestinal illness

Reverse Osmosis,Carbon Block (0.5 micron)

E.coli

Zero

Naturally occurring, human or animal wastes

Gastrointestinal disorders (often severe)

Ultraviolet

Fluoride

4 mg/L

Natural deposits, fertilizer,

aluminum industries, water additive

Skeletal and dental fluorosis

Reverse Osmosis

Giardia

Zero

Naturally occurring, human or animal wastes

Gastrointestinal disorders (Beaver Fever)

Reverse Osmosis,Carbon Block (0.5 micron)

Hydrogen Sulfide

n/a

Natural deposits

Rotten egg taste and odour

Manganese Greensand Filter, KDF

Iron

0.3 mg/L

Natural deposits

Staining of laundry, plumbing, appliances

Iron Reduction Filter

Manganese

0.05 mg/L

Natural deposits

Staining of laundry, plumbing,

appliances

Iron Reduction Filter

Mercury

0.002 mg/L

Crop runoff, natural deposits, batteries, electrical switches

Kidney, nervous system disorders

Reverse Osmosis,Activated Carbon

Microbiological Contaminants

-

animal & human waste, septic

fields, sewage, farming

various illnesses

Various

Nitrate / Nitrite

10 mg/L

Animal waste, fertilizer, natural deposits, septic tanks, sewage

Methemoglobulinemia (blue baby syndrome)

Reverse Osmosis

PCB

10.0005 mg/L

Coolant oils from electrical

transformers, plasticizers

Cancer

Activated Carbon

Radium

5 pCi/L

Natural deposits

Bone cancer

Reverse Osmosis

Radon

Natural deposits

Cancer

Activated Carbon

Selenium

0.05 mg/L

Natural deposits, mining, smelting, coal/oil combustion

Liver damage

Reverse Osmosis

Sulfate

500 mg/L

Naturally-occurring

laxative effect - gastrointestinal

irritation (loose stools, diarrhea, etc.) especially in infants or

individuals not acclimated to high levels

Reverse Osmosis

Total Dissolved Solids

500 mg/L

Erosion of naturally occurring mineral deposits

Gastrointestinal irritation in some individuals

Reverse Osmosis

Toxaphene

0.003 mg/L

Insecticide formerly used on

cattle, cotton, soybeans

Cancer

Activated Carbon

Trihalomethanes (THMs)(chlorination by-products)

0.08 mg/L

By-product of chlorination in drinking water

Cancer

Activated Carbon, KDF

Turbidity

n/a (5 NTU max. recommended)

Soil runoff

Interferes with disinfection,

filtration

Whole-House Sediment Filter, Reverse Osmosis

Uranium

0.03 mg/L

Natural occurring

Kidney disorders, cancer

Reverse Osmosis

Viruses

-

animal & human waste, septic

fields, sewage, farming

various illnesses

Ultraviolet

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Varied

Varied

Varied, incl. cancer

Activated Carbon

Zinc

5 mg/L

Natural deposits, industrial

waste

Metallic taste in water

Reverse Osmosis, KDF

Please note: This list was

compiled for research and informational purposes only. It is not intended to

suggest that any of the listed contaminants are present in your water supply.

Only testing by an accredited lab can identify the presence of contaminants in

your water supply.

1.5 Policy and regulation

The legal

framework for the water and sanitation sector differs between peninsular

Malaysia (with its 11 federal states and two federal territories) on the one

hand and Eastern Malaysia (with the federal states Sabah and Sarawak and one

federal territory) on the other hand. While a water reform was enacted for

peninsular Malaysia in 2006, the previous legal and institutional framework was

maintained in Eastern Malaysia.

Two

main laws passed in 2006 from the legal framework of the water and sanitation

sector in peninsular Malaysia. The Water Services Industry Act (WSIA)

established a national water asset holding company called PAAB and a Water

Forum to give voice to hitherto under-represented stakeholders such as

consumers. The National Water Services Commission Act established a National

Water Services Commission known under its Malay acronym as SPAN. The acts

separated the functions of policy making (government), regulation (SPAN), asset

ownership (PAAB) and service provision (state water companies) from each other.

The laws were enacted after extensive public consultations over two years. As

part of the reform process, for the first time in Malaysian history a draft

bill had been made available for public discussion before it was presented to

Parliament.

SPAN

now issues licenses for water operators, mainly state water companies. These

licenses can theoretically be revoked if key performance indicators are not met

or other standards are not respected. The standards are set and monitored by

SPAN.

In

Eastern Malaysia water supply remains a responsibility of state governments and

sanitation a responsibility of local governments.

Within

the executive branch of the federal government, the Ministry of Energy, Green

Technology and Water is in charge of setting water supply and sanitation

policies. It is assisted by two technical agencies under its supervision: The

water supply department (JBA) and the sewerage services department (JPP). The

latter was established through the Sewerage Services Act of 1994 as a regulatory

agency for the private sanitation company IWK. When IWK was taken over by the

government in 2000, the sewerage services department became responsible for the

development of infrastructure while IWK remained in charge of operation and

maintenance as a publicly owned company. The regulatory functions of JPP ceased

in 2007.

Malaysian

Laws & Regulations

Parliamentary Acts

» National Policies of

Government of Malaysia - Third National Agricultural Policy (1998 - 2010)

» Federal Constitutions

» Ministerial Functions Act

(1969) (Perintah Menteri-Menteri Persekutuan 2004) : DID Role In River

Management In On Flood Mitigation and River Conservancy

» Other Legislations

Land

Acts

» National Land Code 1965 And

Waters

» Land Conservation Act 1960

Flood

Mitigation

» Drainage Works Act 1954

(1988)

» Local Government Act (1976):

(Peninsular)

» Earthworks Bylaws

» Street, Drainage and

Building Act 1974 (1994)

» Town and Country Planning

Act 1976

River

Management

» Waters Act 1920 (Act 418)

& Water Supply (Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur) Act 1998

(Act 581)

» Mining Enactment 1962

(F.M.S. Cap 147)

» Environmental Quality Act

1974 (Act 127) & Subsidiary Legislation

» Ministerial Functions Act

1969 (Act 2)

» National Forestry Act 1984 (Act

313) & Wood-Based Industries

(State Legislatures Competency) Act 1984

(Act 314)

» Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317)

and Regulations

» Water Act 1989 - Chapter 15

» Sewerage Services Act 1993

(Act 508) & Regulations And Orders

Coastal

Management

» Town and Country Planning

Act 1976

» Environmental Quality Act

1974: (1985)

» Environmental Quality Order

1987 (Environmental Impact Assessment - Prescribed Activities)

» Mining Enactment 1936

(F.M.S. Cap 147)

» Fisheries Act 1963 (1985) /

Inland Fisheries Act

Hydrological

& Water Resources

» Drainage Works Act 1954

(1988)

» Waters Act 1920 (Cap 146)

(1989)

Urban

Stormwater

» Street, Drainage and

Building 1974 (Act 133) - Section 70A(9)

» Street, Drainage and

Building 1974 (Act 133) - Section 71

Agriculture

Drainage

» Third National Agricultural

Policy (1998-2010)

» Irrigation Areas Act 1953

(1989)

» Drainage Works Act 1954

(1988)

» Waters Act 1920 (Cap 146)

(1989)

» Fisheries Act 1963 (1985) /

Inland Fisheries Act

Acts

Year

P.U.(A)

79/2010

Water Services Industry Act 2006

Water Services Industry (Licensing) (Exemption) Order 2010

2010

P.U.(A)

161/2010

Water Services Industry Act 2006

Water Services Industry (Licensing) (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 2010

2010

P.U.(A)

1/2011

Water Services Industry Act 2006

Water Services Industry (Sewerage Capital Contribution Fund) Regulations 2011

2011

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan

Air Negara Act 2006 (Act 654)[P.U (B) 39/07]

2006

Water Services Industry

Act 2006 (Act 655)[P.U (B) 458/07]

2006

Water Services Industry

(Compounding Of Offences) Regulations 2008 [P.U.(A) 259/2008]

2008

Water Services Industry

(Permit) Rules 2007 [P.U.(A) 438/2007]

2007

Water Services Industry

(Licensing) Regulations 2007 [P.U.(A) 432/2007]

2007

Sewerage Services

(Charges) Regulation 1994

1994

Water Services Industry

(Rates for Water Supply Services) (State of Kedah) Regulations 2010 [P.U (A)

332/2010]

2010

Water Services Industry

(Rates for Water Supply Services) (State of Kelantan ) Regulations 2010 [P.U

(A) 333/2010]

2010

Water Services Industry

(Rates for Water Supply Services) (State of Penang) Regulations 2010 [P.U (A)

334/2010]

2010

Water Services Industry

(Rates for Water Supply Services) (State of Johor) Regulations 2010 [P.U (A)

371/2010]

2010

Water Services Industry

(Rates for Water Supply Services) (State of Malacca) Regulations 2010 [P.U

(A) 372/2010]

2010