Pepper(Piper nigrum) - created from Mind Map

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field preparation

pruning

maintenance and management

harvesting

propagation

nursery

Terracing needed for area more than 40⁰ slope

Unsuitable soils

Suitable soils

proper drainage

planting distance

use cover crop

Former rubber area is discouraged – white root disease

Peat soil – easily waterlogged

Sandy loam – acidic and prone to drought

Red yellow podzolic clay soil

Rich in organic material

Rich in nutrient

60cm deep x 60 cm wide

Separating drain every 5-6 rows connected to main drain

1.8m x 2.4m or 2.1m x 2.1m

Before planting, make a mound 20cm high with 50-90cm wide to loosen the soil

Lime the mound (0.5-1kg) 3-4 weeks before planting

Importance

terminal shoot pruning

lateral shoot pruning

Top shoot pruning

Bottom lateral shoot pruning

To produce lateral shoots along the support

Increase flowers & induce flowering

Increase yield

ease of management

Prevent pest & diseases

Can produce new cuttings

done in 3 stages or in first two years

First round

second round

third round

6-8 months after planting

All terminal shoots cut down to 30cm from ground

The cut main shoots can be used as cuttings

12-14 months after planting (half of support height)

Only 3 best shoots are kept

Keep 6-7 nodes only to induce lateral shoots

When terminal shoots had grown until the end of support

Done before start to flower and yield

need pruning cause give no yield, only wasting fertilizer

Need to be pruned as do not yield and only wasting nutrients

In mature stage (>3 years), many undeveloped shoot will emerge on top

Shoots developed less than ½ foot from the ground need to be removed

To prevent soil borne disease and pest

pest and disease

fertilizer

weed management

pest

disease

Green pepper bug(Pianggang Hijau)

Pollu beetle (Longitarsus, nigripennis)

Pepper weevil (Kumbang belalai)

Larvae and adult suck the young and matured fruits

Affected fruits will fall off

Cypermethrin spray (Decis 250 & Decis Mintap)

Lambda–cyhalothrin spray (Karate)

Adults feed on growing points, tender shoots, leaves, tender spikes and berries.Cause black color

Spray endosulfan (0.05%) twice (June and September)

Stem node turns yellow and eventually dies off

Severe case will cause plant death

Cypermethrin spray especially inside the canopy where the adult hide

All damaged stems and branches need to be pruned and burnt

Root Knot by nematode

Quick wilt or foot rot (Phytophthora capsici)

Velvet Blight (Hawar lembut)

Control using carbofuran pesticide by applying on soil mounding (70-100 g for 2-3 times a year

foliar yellowing and defoliation

Removal of the infected dead vines and burn them

Spray vine with 1% Bordeaux mixture and 0.25% Ridomil ziram

Fungus spread on stem, branch and fruits

Thick layer appear starting in whitish grey color and later changed to velvet (purple)

Infected leaves and branches wilt and eventually die

Prune and burn infected parts

If the disease spread, spray with 0.1 % Pepertox (Copper Oxychloride)

10kg compost given in May -April

100g N, 40g P2O5 and 140g K2O per plant three years

Manures are applied around the vines at a distance of 30 cm and forked into the soil.

Lime may be applied at the rate of 500 g per standard during April in alternate years

Physical control – manual weeding

contact herbicide

Cover crop – Arachis pintoi

IWM

harvest when the peppercorn turns red

Black pepper need 3-4 days of sun drying

White pepper need soaking for 15 days to remove skin

Later cleaned and sundried for 3-4 days

introduction

cuttings

variety

Rapid multiplication method

Trench method

Serpentine method

Traditional method

climbing perennial vine

origin from southwestern India & Sri Lanka

best grown in tropical area

best grown under the bright indirect sunlight

Ovate, cordate, palmately-veined, dark green leaves

commercially planting for pepper (cooking）

produce black and white peppercorns

Tools (knife or scateur) must be clean

criteria

Must be from the main stem

Avoid young shoots on top (top 3 nodes)

Cutting can be done again 10-14 days later (new shoots had grown)

must have 4 – 6 nodes

Support (tuat) must be carefully removed using back of knife – avoid injury

Cutting can be plant in nursery or directly to the field (in rainy season)

Recommended varieties

Free from pest, diseases and defficiencies

Young (1 – 2 years old) parent plant, Older plant will delay axillary bud growth

Healthy and vigorous parent with strong and abundant roots for better grip

Semenggok Aman

Semenggok Emas

kuching variety

Resistant to black berry and foot rot diseases

Longer spike and bigger berries compared to Kuching

Resistant to pepper weevil and stem borer

higher yield than Kuching after 3rd year

More resistant to Black Berry disease and pepper weevil attack

Vulnerable to foot knot disease

allow 3 harvest cycle

grow in Sarawa and Johor

high yield

vulnerable to foot rot, black berry, fusarium wilt and wrinkled leaf diseases

For 5 nodes cutting, 3 nodes in sand while 4th above ground

Plant cuttings slanted at 45 – 60 degrees

shaded

promote rooting on node before transplanting

After 4 – 8 weeks, cuttings can be transplanted

height - 2.5m – 3m (front) & 1.5m- 2m (back)

use netting

recommended to use sand