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CHAPTER 4
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1The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________.
- Acorrelational studies
- Bexperimental studies
- Ccase studies
- Darchival studies
2Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale.
- Anominal
- Bordinal
- Cratio
- Dquasi-nominal
3The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
- Athe measurement of absolute levels of traits
- Baspects of personality that are the same in all people
- Cphysical dimensions
- Dindividual differences
4According to Kluckhohn and Murray, “Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like
some other men, (c) like no other man.” Which section of this quote most closely reflects what trait
psychologists study?- A“like all other men”
- B“like some other men”
- C“like no other man”
- Dall of the above
5Which of the following is NOT a reason that older people believe their personalities are more
consistent than those of younger people?- ATheir social roles are more stable.
- BThey are more mature.
- CThey have more wealth accumulated.
- DThey have more responsibilities.
6According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively associated with personality
consistency?- Aopenness to experience
- Bneuroticism
- Cgeneral mental health
- Dneed for cognition
7Which of the following terms describes the notion that people act differently in different situations?
- Ainconsistency
- Bconsistency
- Cemotional instability
- Dstability
8A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
- Aindividual differences cannot be measured reliably
- Bsituations do not affect behavior
- Cpeople are inconsistent
- Dcorrelational methods do not clearly indicate effect size
9Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of stability in their personality
traits?- Aschool-age children
- Badolescents
- Cyoung adults between the ages of 20 and 30
- Dadults between the ages of 50 and 70
10In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________.
- Atraits are the only factors that influence human behavior
- Bsituations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends
- Cbehavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
- Dpersonality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the
most consistent guide to a person’s actions
11Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate?
- AGordon Allport
- BSigmund Freud
- CWalter Mischel
- DHenry Murray
12Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work
________.- Aprovides the most cogent argument for why trait theory and psychodynamic theory should
be integrated - Bis credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as
important as situational factors in behavioral prediction - Cprovides the first published defense of trait theory against the situationist critique
- Dis the first modern research to begin to scientifically validate some of Freud’s claims
about the unconscious
- Aprovides the most cogent argument for why trait theory and psychodynamic theory should
13In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be most accurately
predicted from ________.- Asituations
- Bpersonality variables
- Cmotivations
- Dgoals
14The situationist argument holds that ________.
- Aa thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict
behavior from personality - Bsituations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior
- Cour everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed
- Dall of the above
- Aa thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict
15Situationism is the position that ________.
- Asituations do not influence behavior
- Bsituations are less important than personality traits in determining behavior
- Cthe ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited
- Dtrait words are more than mere descriptions of situations
16Which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?
- APersonality trait measures do not predict behavior very well.
- BSituations are more important than traits for determining behavior.
- CEveryday intuitions that people have about personality are wrong.
- DPersons and situations interact to predict behavior.
17Mischel originally argued that personality coefficients seldom exceed ________, whereas subsequent
situationists raised that estimate to ________.- A.30; .40
- B.20; .50
- C.10; .30
- D.10; .40
18Which of the following was NOT one of the types of data that Mischel compared to one another?
- AS data and B data
- BS data and S data
- CI data and B data
- DB data and B data
19According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as ________.
- A.10 to .20
- B.30 to .40
- C.50 to .60
- D.70 to .80
20A correlation coefficient is a(n) ________ and mathematically ranges between ________.
- Aeffect size; .30 and .40
- Bprobability; 1 and 100
- Ceffect size; –1 and +1
- Dsignificance test; zero and infinity
21Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to
the next.- Alow in self-monitoring
- Bhigh in self-monitoring
- Clow in self-efficacy
- Dhigh in self-efficacy
22One difficulty in searching for variables that might predict consistency is that ________.
- Ait is hard to think of variables that would predict differences in consistency
- Bsuch research is too time-consuming to conduct
- Conly one variable seems to predict consistency
- Dthe effects of such variables are subtle and are sometimes difficult to detect
23How long was Mischel’s review of the personality literature in Personality and Assessment?
- Aabout half of the book
- Babout three quarters of the book
- Cabout 16 pages
- Donly about 2 pages
24Which of the following is the best example of a situationist argument?
- AMelinda’s talkativeness is related to her optimism.
- BKnowing Robert’s extraversion doesn’t really let us predict his behavior.
- CKnowing Sanjay’s neuroticism means we know how anxious he usually is.
- DSuri’s conscientiousness changes depending on the time of day.
25In order to improve personality research, researchers can ________.
- Acheck for factors that predict consistency
- Bpredict behavioral trends rather than single acts
- Cmeasure behavior in real life
- Dall of the above
26One response to Mischel’s critique asserts that a fair review of the research on the predictability of
behavior from personality traits indicates that ________.- Abehavior can never be reliably predicted from personality variables
- Bthe predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than is sometimes
acknowledged - Cthe predictability of behavior from situations is worse than the predictability from
personality - DMischel was right that personality traits are unpredictable from behavior
27According to the text, the purpose of personality traits is to predict ________.
- Aspecific behavioral manifestations
- Bbehavior in the long term
- CI data but not B data
- DS data but not I data
28Which of the following characteristics seems to predict increased consistency?
- Asociability
- Bneuroticism
- Cpreference for consistency
- Dnone of these attributes
29Which reason describes why averaged (aggregated) behaviors are more strongly related to personality
traits than individual behaviors?- ARandom variations tend to cancel out when aggregated.
- BRandom variations tend to multiply when aggregated.
- CTrait variation is mostly random when aggregated.
- DTrait variation is mostly specific when aggregated.
30According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent.
- Aself-control
- Bconsistency seeking
- Cpreference for consistency
- Dextraversion
31Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately?
- AMary will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow.
- BAt a party on Friday, Susan will talk to at least 10 people.
- CDavid will generally be on time for work most days next week.
- DNone of the above; each of these behaviors would be equally easy to predict.
32When a researcher examines the association between behaviors at a party on Friday night and how
many times someone volunteers to answer questions in class on Monday, she is looking at the
association between ________ and ________.- AI data; B data
- BS data; I data
- CB data; B data
- DB data; I data
33Which of the following would be an example of trying to improve the predictability of behavior from
personality traits by taking into account the possibility that some people are more consistent than
others?- Ameasuring how frequently you are late to work using a daily diary report of your everyday
behavior - Bcollecting information about your responses to stressful work situations
- Ctrying to predict how warm and friendly you will act when you meet your in-laws next
Monday - Ddetermining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less predictable than that of low selfmonitors
- Ameasuring how frequently you are late to work using a daily diary report of your everyday
34Which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist argument?
- APersonality researchers argued that Mischel’s literature review was selective.
- BPersonality researchers searched for certain kinds of people who were more consistent
than others. - CPersonality researchers started to think more carefully about the importance of a
correlation of .40. - DPersonality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict
single responses at a particular point in time.
35A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
- Aas an example of a very small effect size
- Bas an example of a medium effect size
- Cas an example of a large effect size
- Dby using a Binomial Effect Size Display
36Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors?
- ASpecific behaviors are generally pretty easy to predict.
- BSpecific behaviors are better predicted than aggregated behaviors.
- CAggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
- DAggregated behaviors aren’t usually very accurate when predicting future behaviors.
37According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and Scud missiles,
situations ________.- Acan overshadow individual differences in all cases
- Bnever seem to affect behavior
- Cseem to have inconsistent effects
- Dseem to bring out individual differences in all people
38Funder and Ozer (1983) examined the results of three classic social psychological studies. They
converted the results to effect sizes and found that the effects were equivalent to correlations in the
range of ________ (in absolute value).- A.10 to .20
- B.30 to .40
- C.61 to .75
- D.70 to .97
39Which of the following was NOT a study that Funder and Ozer reviewed in their work calculating the
size of the situation coefficient?- Athe forced compliance task that illustrated cognitive dissonance
- Bthe bystander intervention effect that illustrated situational factors on helping behavior
- Cthe reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards
- Dthe position of the learner in Milgram’s experiments on obedience
40A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded that the situational effect was
about ________.- A.10
- B.20
- C.40
- D.50
41The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been
to ________.- Asquare the correlation coefficient for the relationship between behavior and some aspect
of the situation - Bdetermine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100
percent, and then assign that value to the situation - Cmultiply the variance in the behavioral measure by 2
- Dadd the variance in the behavioral measure to the variance for the situational variable
- Asquare the correlation coefficient for the relationship between behavior and some aspect
42Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect
sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists,
Funder and Ozer concluded that ________.- Asituational variables, like personality variables, cannot predict behavior
- Bboth situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior
- Cthe upper limit for a situation coefficient is only .20
- Dthe three studies were so fundamentally flawed that they do not allow us to conclude
anything about the predictability of behavior from situational variables
43Which of the following is NOT one of Funder’s conclusions?
- AMost situational coefficients are actually between .30 and .40.
- BSituational coefficients are similar in size to personality coefficients.
- CBoth situational variables and personality variables have an effect on behavior.
- DIt is difficult to translate experimental results into effect sizes.
44Historically, personality psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of
personality variables, whereas social psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the
effects of situational variables.- Avariance; standard deviations
- Bstandard deviations; variance
- Ceffect size; statistical significance
- Dstatistical significance; effect size
45A social psychologist focused on statistical significance is concerned with ________, whereas a
personality researcher focused on effect sizes is concerned with ________.- Adocumenting the existence of an effect; quantifying the size of an effect
- Bquantifying the size of an effect; documenting the existence of an effect
- Csquaring correlations; Binomial Effect Size Displays
- Dprocess; outcome
46In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with trained actors. The number of
times a participant gazed into the eyes of his or her partner depended a lot on the behavior of the
partner. Which of the following reflects the correct interpretation of this result?- AThe amount of variability explained by the person was small.
- BThe amount of variability explained by the person was large.
- CThe amount of variability explained by the situation was small.
- DThe amount of variability explained by the situation was large.
47In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with trained actors. The number of
times a participant gestured depended mostly on his or her own characteristics. Which of the following
reflects the correct interpretation of this result?- AThe amount of variability explained by the person was small.
- BThe amount of variability explained by the person was large.
- CThe amount of variability explained by the situation was small.
- DThe amount of variability explained by the situation was large.
48In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with trained actors. What was one
of the major conclusions from this study?- ABehaviors with more situation variance had less person variance.
- BBehaviors with less situation variance had less person variance.
- CSituations didn’t vary that much.
- DPeople didn’t vary that much.
49Funder and Colvin (1991) brought participants to the lab for two interactions with different people.
Which of the following results shows the power of the situation?- AParticipants who spoke loudly at session 1 also spoke loudly at session 2.
- BParticipants who kept partners at a distance also behaved in a fearful manner.
- CParticipants smiled frequently and spoke in a loud voice more than expected.
- DParticipants were more relaxed at session 2 than session 1.
50Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at
the department of motor vehicles (DMV). Which of the following terms describes this principle?- Aabsolute consistency
- Brelative consistency
- Cabsolute change
- Drelative change
51Which definition best describes the meaning of a cross-situational consistency coefficient of r = .70?
- ABehaviors in one situation strongly predict behaviors in another situation.
- BBehaviors in one situation weakly predict behaviors in another situation.
- CBehaviors in one situation are the opposite of behaviors in a different situation.
- DBehavior is the mediator between personality and the situation.
52Which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of persons vs. situations in
affecting behavior?- ASituations matter more than persons, because people tend to be inconsistent.
- BSituations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent.
- CSituations matter, but only under particular conditions, because people tend to be
inconsistent. - DSituations have a minimal influence on behavior, because people tend to be consistent.
53The large number of trait terms in the English language indicates that ________.
- Awe need an abundance of trait terms to distinguish between different types of people
- Bpersonality traits are an important part of our culture
- Cwhen it comes to personality, one size does not fit all
- Dall of the above
54Which conclusion follows from Funder’s analysis of the person-situation debate?
- APersonality doesn’t usually predict behavior.
- BPerson perceptions are largely incorrect.
- COne behavioral response does not fit all people in every situation..
- DPeople don’t really act differently from each other.
55The avoidance of drug abuse is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bneuroticism
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
56Political liberalism is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bneuroticism
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
57Happiness is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bself-monitoring
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
58Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bself-monitoring
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
59Attractiveness is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bself-monitoring
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
60Good coping is positively associated with what trait?
- Aemotional stability
- Bconscientiousness
- Cagreeableness
- Dopenness to experience
61A long life is associated with what trait?
- Aopenness to experience
- Bself-monitoring
- Cneuroticism
- Dconscientiousness
62Citizenship behavior at work is predicted by which trait?
- Aneuroticism
- Bself-monitoring
- Cextraversion
- Dconscientiousness
63Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are relevant to how people will
act under specific circumstances and that ________ are better for describing how people act in general.- AS data; I data
- BS data; B data
- Cpersonality traits; situational variables
- Dsituational variables; personality traits
64Based on recent research, what activity might signal a major concern when selecting a stockbroker?
- Aevidence that the broker loses big money at poker games
- Bfew pictures of loved ones in the office
- Cmodest earnings during the recession
- Da messy and sloppy appearance
65Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction?
- APeople generally prefer situations that are pleasant.
- BPeople choose the situations they occupy.
- CPeople change the situations they occupy.
- DPeople react differently to the same situation.
66Which of the following is NOT an example of interactionism?
- AAn extraverted person chooses to live in a bigger, faster paced city.
- BAn agreeable person is generally a good team player.
- CA neurotic person expects to be socially excluded, which makes others stay away from
him. - DA conscientious person reacts differently to feedback from her boss.
67Sally found that neither caffeine nor extraversion individually predicted problem solving; however, she
found that they both worked together to predict problem solving. This is an example of what kind of an
effect?- Aa true interaction
- Ba suppressor
- Can evocation
- Da true mediation
68Based on recent research, what is likely to happen when an aggressive person plays a competitive
multiplayer video game?- AThe aggressive person will be less aggressive.
- BThe aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players.
- CThe aggressive person will frequently win.
- DThere is no ability to predict how the aggressive person will behave in this context.
69Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the influence of values that contribute to
a situationist vs. a pro-personality position?- APeople are both flexibly adaptive to situations and consistent in personal style.
- BAttributing behavior to the situation absolves people from blame.
- CAttributing actions to personality implies that people are responsible for their
circumstances. - DPeople are free to do what they want, so they are responsible for their actions.
70Which of the following describes social psychologist Roger Brown’s views on the importance of
personality?- AHe first believed situations were important but later changed his mind.
- BHe first believed traits were important but later changed his mind.
- CHe first believed traits were unimportant but later recognized their importance.
- DHe first believed situations were unimportant but later recognized their importance.
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- Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 4, created by J P on 03/12/2017.
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- J P
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