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1Mantyla’s “banana/yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
- Aby agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
- Bby a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
- Cusing visual images.
- Dby the person whose memory will be tested.
2People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
- Athe self-reference effect.
- Bmaintenance rehearsal.
- Clevels of processing theory.
- Dencoding specificity.
3The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
- Aconsolidation.
- Bpriming.
- Cspecificity.
- Dtranscription.
4Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
- ALast night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
- BEven though Walt hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
- CAlthough Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting caught up in happy memories when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
- DCarmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it’s best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
5You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.
- Aexcited
- Brelaxed
- Cnervous
- Dneutral
6Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
- Atransfer-appropriate processing.
- Bepisodic-based processing.
- Celaborative rehearsal.
- Dpersonal semantic memory.
7Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
- Athe person remembering generates their own retrieval cues.
- Bthe type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
- Cthere is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
- Dimagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory.
8___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
- AAmnesia
- BEncoding specificity
- CCued-recall
- DConsolidation
92__________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long-time scale.
- ARemote
- BStandard
- CSystems
- DSynaptic
10The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
- Astrongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
- Bstrongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
- Cstrongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
- Duninvolved in memory consolidation.
11Hebb’s idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
- Aan increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
- Bincreased firing in the neurons.
- Clarger electrical impulses in the synapse.
- Dthe growth of new dendrites in neurons.
12Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can’t recall the last play before the hit) reflect
- Aa failure of memory consolidation.
- Bdisrupted long-term potentiation.
- Ctemporary post-traumatic stress disorder.
- DKorsakoff’s syndrome.
13Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
- Aremote
- Brecent
- Canterograde
- Demotional
14Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
- ALakeisha performs better because of consolidation.
- BKim performs better because of consolidation.
- CLakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity.
- DKim performs better because of encoding specificity.
15Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.
- Arecent and remote episodic
- Brecent and remote semantic
- Crecent episodic
- Dremote semantic
16Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
- Afear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
- Bmemories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
- Cwhen a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
- Dmemory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
17Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
- Alevels of processing.
- Bdepth of processing.
- Ctransfer-appropriate processing.
- Dreconsolidation.
18According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
- Ashort but all on a single day.
- Blong and all on a single day.
- Cshort and across several days.
- Dlong and across several days.
19Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00–11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
- AKatie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
- BAlana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
- CKatie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
- DState-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period.
20Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
- Aorganization
- Bhighlighting
- Cmaking up questions about the material
- Dfeedback
21Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.
- Aepisodic
- Bvisual
- Cemotional
- Dsystemic
22James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
- ARehearsal
- BSurvival
- CSpecificity
- DMood
23Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team’s research protocol?
- ASleeping
- BElaborating
- COrganizing
- DTesting
24Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?
- AEncoding
- BHighlighting
- CSpacing
- DSleeping
25Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?
- AClassification
- BElaboration
- CRehearsal
- DEngagement
26The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
- ATask
- BStructure
- CMood
- DLocation
27The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
- ATask
- BStructure
- CMood
- DLocation
28Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
- AClassification
- BElaboration
- CDistraction
- DReconsolidation
29The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.
- Aclassification
- Bemotionality
- Cpotentiation
- Dfragility
30In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant’s later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.
- A“sense.”
- B“know.”
- C“think.”
- D“remember.”
31When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.
- Astate-dependent
- Bstimulus-fluency
- Ctransfer-appropriate
- Drecall-potentiation
32What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
- AContent
- BScale
- CState
- DConsciousness
33Autobiographical memory research shows that a person’s brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
- Athe person has seen before.
- Bof familiar places.
- Cthe person took himself or herself.
- Dthe person has never seen before.
34For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
- Achildhood and adolescence.
- Badolescence and young adulthood.
- Cyoung adulthood and middle age.
- Dchildhood and middle age.
35Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people’s lives appear to be particularly memorable.
- Atrauma-based experiences
- Bfamily-centered challenges
- Cthe freshman year
- Dtransition points
36The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the “good old days” reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
- Alife in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass.
- Bmemory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
- Cpeople tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones.
- Dour memories change as we live longer and have more “lifetime periods” to draw events from.
37Schrauf and Rubin’s “two groups of immigrants” study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
- Acognitive hypothesis.
- Bself-image hypothesis.
- Cnarrative rehearsal hypothesis.
- Dautobiographical hypothesis.
38Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
- ARetiring from work at age 40
- BMarrying at age 60
- CGraduating from college at age 22
- DHaving a child at age 45
39Stanny and Johnson’s “weapons focus” experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that
- Athe presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event.
- Bthe presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.
- Cthe threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself.
- Dthe presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
40Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
- AIt is vivid memory for emotional events.
- BIt is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.
- CIt is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
- DIt is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.
41A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
- Arehearsal cannot account for them.
- Bpeople’s confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).
- Cextreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
- Dthey are permanent and resist forgetting.
42Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
- Aremember more details about the event.
- Bmake more errors in their recollections.
- Creport less confidence about their recollections.
- Dreport less vivid recollections of the event.
43Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people’s memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
- AParticipants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred.
- BParticipants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present “everyday” memories 32 weeks later.
- CParticipants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.
- DAfter 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of “everyday” events.
44The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
- Anarrative rehearsal hypothesis.
- Bcognitive hypothesis.
- Clife-narrative hypothesis.
- Dreminiscence hypothesis.
45According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
- Aevent-specific
- Bsource
- Cconstructive
- Dmisinformation
46The “telephone game” is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.
- Alife-narrative
- Bnarrative-rehearsal
- Cconsequentiality based
- Dconstructive
47In the “War of the Ghosts” experiment, participants’ reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
- Anarrative rehearsal.
- Bsource misattributions.
- Ccultural expectations.
- Dshallow processing.
48Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the “War of the Ghosts” story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
- Amisinformation effect.
- Bfamiliarity effect.
- Cconstructive nature of memory.
- Dreminiscence bump.
49The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
- Athe same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
- Bdifferent groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information.
- Cthe same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.
- Dthe same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.
50Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn’t given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist’s waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, “My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I’ll buy that one.” Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
- AMPI
- BRecovered memory
- CSchema confusion
- DSource monitoring
51Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
- Anarrative rehearsal.
- Bcryptoamnesia.
- Crepeated reproduction.
- Drepeated recall.
52Jacoby’s experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
- Aone week.
- B24 hours.
- Cone hour.
- Done month.
53The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.
- Arepeated rehearsal of distinctive names
- Bsource misattributions
- Cencoding specificity
- Dschemas
54__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
- AObserver perspective
- BPragmatic inference
- CProspective memory
- DAutomatic narrative
55The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
- Ais better for vivid descriptions.
- Bis like a tape recording.
- Cdepends on the participant’s mood.
- Dinvolves making inferences.
56Arkes and Freedman’s “baseball game” experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: “The batter was safe at first.” Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
- Aomissions of information that was presented.
- Bparticipants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was.
- Ccreations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
- Dconfusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.
57Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
- Asource memory.
- Bscript.
- Cschema.
- Dscan technique.
58In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants “remembered” some things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.
- Aschemas
- Bscripts
- Cconfabulation
- Dbias
59A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
- Aa sequence of actions.
- Bwhat is involved in a particular experience.
- Cinformation stored in both semantic and episodic memory.
- Ditems appropriate to a particular setting.
60Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn’t mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
- Amisattribution
- Bscript
- Cnarrative
- Dschema
61In the “word list” false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
- Aconstructive memory processes.
- Bverbatim recall.
- Cthe effect of scripts.
- Dcryptoamnesia
62Your text’s discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
- Aarise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
- Boccur for details but not for entire events.
- Coccur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances.
- Ddo not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.
63The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
- Ais largely a blessing because no event would be erased.
- Bis an advantage because it eliminates “selective” recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
- Chelped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.
- Dcan seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life
64“S,” who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S’s memory system operated
- Ain a manner that bypassed normal neurological “blocks.”
- Bless efficiently than normal.
- Cusing more visual encoding than normal.
- Dusing stronger semantic connections than normal.
65The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
- Abefore the event.
- Bduring the event.
- Cafter the event.
- Dall of the above
66Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
- AThe misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect
- BEven when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
- CMisinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event.
- DThe provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect
67In Lindsay’s “misinformation effect” experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was
- Avisual.
- Bauditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker.
- Cauditory from a female speaker.
- Dauditory from a male speaker.
68Lindsay’s misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information
- Aif they believe the post-event information is correct.
- Bonly if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event.
- Ceven if they are told to ignore the post-event information.
- Dif the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes.
69Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
- ASuggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child.
- BSuggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.
- CAlthough eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the “perpetrator” from a lineup.
- DMany miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.
70Your text’s discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
- Afailing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
- Binattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
- Csource-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
- Dincreased confidence due to post-event questioning.
71Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
- Ahighly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.
- Bit is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup.
- Cwhen viewing a lineup, an eyewitness’s confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority’s confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
- Ddespite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.
72Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
- Ahighly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.
- Bit is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup.
- Cwhen viewing a lineup, an eyewitness’s confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority’s confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
- Ddespite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.
73Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,
- Aincreasing similarity between “fillers” and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people.
- Bincreasing similarity between “fillers” and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.
- Cincreasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications.
- Ddecreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications.
74Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
- APolice ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.
- BPolice offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., “Good, that makes sense.”) when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file.
- CPolice allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
- DPolice start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.
75The “wedding reception” false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
- Aretroactive interference.
- Bconsequentiality.
- Csource misattribution.
- Dconfabulation.
76Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya’s memory?
- AAmygdala
- BParietal cortex
- CHippocampus
- DPrefrontal cortex
77Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
- AWinning the first grade spelling bee
- BGoing to her high school prom
- CMoving into her first apartment
- DGetting her driver’s license
78According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
- ANarrative rehearsing
- BCultural scripts
- CStrong encoding
- DYouth bias
79Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?
- AAndrogen
- BCholesterol
- CAcetylcholine
- DCortisol
80Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
- ACircumstantial
- BAccurate
- CIntense
- DMalleable
81Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?
- ACulture
- BSource
- CRepetition
- DStress
82Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
- APragmatic inference
- BMisinformation effect
- CIllusory truth effect
- DSource monitoring error
83Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person’s consciousness are considered to be ________.
- Arepressed
- Bfalse
- Cillusory
- Dflashbulbs
84After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
- AStructured
- BAutobiographical
- CSuggestible
- DMultidimensional
85The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?
- ARecall abuse
- BHear a song
- CSee a weapon
- DSmell perfume
86Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?
- ARepression
- BTrauma
- CCulture
- DEmotion
87Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) “the mental representation of a class or individual,” and (b) “categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas.”
- Aexemplars
- Bconcepts
- Cunits
- Dprototypes
88Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.
- Aprototype
- Bexemplar
- Cdefinitional
- Dfamily resemblance
89The definitional approach to categorization
- Ais not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.
- Bsets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have.
- Cdoesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
- Dwas proposed to replace the prototype approach.
90The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of “chairs” (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
- Afamily resemblance.
- Bprototypicality.
- Cgraded membership.
- Dinstance theory.
91___________is a “typical” member of a category.
- AA prototype
- BAn exemplar
- CA unit
- DA component
92The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
- Athe definition of the category.
- Ba universal set of category members.
- Ca defined set of category members.
- Dcategory members that have been encountered in the past.
93Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
- AExemplar
- BNetwork
- CTypicality
- DPrototype
94Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge’s standard probably involves
- Amore prototypes than Bob's.
- Bmore exemplars than Bob's.
- Cmore prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's.
- Dthe same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.
95 A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
- Aa fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.
- Ba task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
- Ca task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.
- Da fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.
96Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.
- Ano
- Bweak
- Cstrong
- Dmoderate
97Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?
(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
Trial 1: An owl is a bird.
Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.
Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.- A583: 518: 653 ms
- B518: 583: 653 ms
- C583: 653: 518 ms
- D653: 583: 518 ms
98According to the typicality effect
- Aobjects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.
- Bobjects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.
- Citems that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
- Dwe remember typical objects better than nontypical objects.
99For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
- Athe word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
- Bwhen people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.
- Cneither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category.
- Dpeople will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.
100Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
- Adisrupts the processing of another stimulus.
- Bacts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct.
- Cfacilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.
- Drelates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.
101Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same–different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.
- Aexemplar
- Bprototype
- Cnetwork
- Dparallel processing
102If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.
- Aexemplar
- Bdefinitional
- Cfamily resemblance
- Dprototype
103___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
- AIcons
- BPrototypes
- CUnits
- DExemplars
104An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.
- Aresemblance
- Btypicality
- Cpriming
- Dreaction time
105Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
- AExemplar
- BPrototype
- CDefinitional
- DNetwork
106Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal
- Amatches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed.
- Bis similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.
- Cmatches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced.
- Dis a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.
107Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).
- Asemantic network
- Bdefinitional
- Cprototype
- Dexemplar
108According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.
- Aexemplary
- Bprototypical
- Cbasic
- Dsubordinate
109Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
- ATruck
- BVehicle
- CPickup truck
- DTransportation
110Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.
- Asuperordinate level to basic level
- Bbasic level to subordinate level
- Csubordinate level to basic level
- Dbasic level to superordinate level
111Which of the following represents a basic level item?
- AMusical instrument
- BGuitar
- CRock guitar
- DPaul McCartney's bass guitar
112Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
- Athe priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories.
- Bthe priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
- Cno measurable priming effect.
- Dthe priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.
113Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.
- Atree; tree
- Btree; oak
- Coak; tree
- Doak; oak
114In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
- Alink.
- Binput unit.
- Cnode.
- Doutput unit.
115The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
- Aparallel distributed processing
- Bconnectionist network
- Cneural network
- Dsemantic network
116Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
- ADistributed processing
- BCognitive economy
- CPrototype formation
- DSerial processing
117Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.
- Acan fly; bird
- Bcan fly; canary
- Chas feathers; ostrich
- Dbird; penguin
118The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
- Athe amount of information contained in each concept.
- Bthe distance that must be traveled through the network.
- Cthe typicality of the information contained in each concept.
- Dthe representativeness of the information contained in each concept.
119In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian’s semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
- AA field sparrow is a bird.
- BA field sparrow is a sparrow.
- CA field sparrow is an animal.
- DA field sparrow is a field sparrow.
120Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
- AFamily resemblance
- BHierarchical organization
- CCognitive economy
- DSpreading activation
121According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
- ATurtles are turtles.
- BA turtle is an animal.
- CA turtle is related to a fish.
- DA turtle is an amphibian.
122Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.
- Aspreading activation
- Bcognitive economy
- Ctypicality
- Dback propagation
123Spreading activation
- Aprimes associated concepts.
- Binhibits unrelated concepts.
- Ccreates new links between associated concepts.
- Dweakens the link between unrelated concepts.
124In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
- Aa statement is true.
- Ba presented stimulus is a word.
- Ca stimulus is presented.
- Dtwo stimuli are associated.
125Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
- Ainterfered with by
- Bfaster than
- Cthe same as
- Dslower than
126Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
- ASemantic network theory
- BThe prototype approach
- CParallel distributed processing theory
- DEnhancement due to priming
127Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
- AHidden units
- BInput units
- CWorking units
- DOutput units
128One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
- Asemantic network
- Bhierarchical
- Cspreading activation
- Dconnectionist
1294Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
- AThe operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage.
- BConnectionist networks can explain generalization of learning.
- CBefore any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
- DThe connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.
130Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
- Agraceful degradation
- Berror verification
- Cspreading activation
- Dback propagation
131The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
- Asemantic networks.
- Bconnectionist networks.
- Creasoning about categories.
- Dspreading activation.
132Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
- Aconnection weights.
- Bnodes.
- Chidden units.
- Doutput units.
133The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
- Athe connection weights add up to exactly +1.00.
- Bthe output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes “locked” into the system.
- Cthe error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
- Dthe output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.
134One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
- Athese networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected.
- Blearning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.
- Clearning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept.
- Ddamage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
135According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.
- Asensations; facts
- Bsensory attributes; function
- Cserial nodes; familiar concepts
- Dsequential networks; familial resemblance
136According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
- Asemantic category
- Bneuronal limitation
- Cmultiple-factor
- Dsensory-functional
137It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run “apps” that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
- Aobstruction
- Bconvergence
- Ccrowding
- Doverlapping
138The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.
- Asubordinate
- Bgraded
- Cdistributed
- Dfragile
139According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?
- ACategory priming
- BStorage capacity
- CSensory reactivation
- DSynapse activity
140Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
- ACrowding
- BLearning
- CPrototyping
- DMirroring
141In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.
- Aexample
- Bspoke
- Cartifact
- Dnode
142In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.
- Aweighting
- Bstacking
- Cloading
- Dcrowding
143Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?
- AThe sensory-functional hypothesis
- BThe embodied approach
- CThe multiple-factor approach
- DThe hub and spoke model
144One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn’t explain how humans can recognize ________.
- Acolors
- Babstractions
- Cactions
- Dartifacts
145A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.
- Asemantic
- Bsymbiotic
- Cparallel
- Dsuperordinate
146According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?
- AMedial thalamus
- BAnterior temporal lobe
- CParietal lobe
- DOccipital lobe
147Mental imagery involves
- Aexperiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.
- Bmental representations of the current sensory inputs.
- Csensory representations of a stimulus.
- Dthe misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.
148Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.
- Amental chronometry
- Bmental synthesis
- Cvisual imagery
- Dinner audition
149Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
- Asome people have great difficulty forming visual images.
- Bvisual images vary in detail.
- Cvisual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
- Dthe imageless thought debate was unresolved.
150"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT
- Astudying images was a way of studying thinking.
- Bimages are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.
- Cimagery requires a special mechanism.
- Dthought is impossible without an image.
151Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
- AImagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.
- BThought is always accompanied by imagery.
- CPeople can rotate images of objects in their heads.
- DImagery is closely related to language.
152Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
- ABaseball
- BAmerica
- CApple pie
- DFreedom
153Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat–hat and car–house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
- Ab___ – h___.
- Bboat _______ – car ________.
- Chouse.
- Da blank piece of paper for free recall.
154The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
- ATrue lies
- BAmazing grace
- CCake mug
- DMission impossible
155Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
- Aimage scanning.
- Bmental chronometry.
- Cepiphenomena.
- Dpropositional representations.
156Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
- Ahow easy mental rotation is for humans.
- Bthat humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.
- Cthat humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.
- Dimagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
157The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
- Avisual icons.
- Bmental images.
- Cperceptual images.
- Dechoic schemas
158Mental scanning experiments found
- Aa direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
- Ban absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image.
- Ca constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
- Dthat imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.
159Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.
- Atwo
- Bthree
- Cfour
- Dsix
160The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
- Aactually exists.
- Bcan be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems.
- Cis identical for all people.
- Dis based on spatial or language mechanisms.
161Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.
- Amental scanning
- Bcategorization
- Cpriming
- Dmental walk
162Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.
- Aepiphenomenal
- Bpropositional
- Cspatial
- Dunilateral
163“3x + 9 = 16” is a___________representation.
- Adepictive
- Bspatial
- Cpropositional
- Ddescriptive
164The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT
- Aabstract symbols.
- Ban equation.
- Ca spatial layout.
- Da statement.
165Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
- Atacit knowledge.
- Ba proposition.
- Cthe method of loci.
- Da depictive representation.
166Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
- Atacit knowledge.
- Ba proposition.
- Cthe method of loci.
- Da depictive representation.
167Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
- Aa wolf.
- Ban anteater.
- Ca rhinoceros.
- Da bumblebee.
168Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment.
- Aimage scanning
- Bmental walk
- Cmental synthesis
- Dmental set
169Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
- Aright at the front door.
- Btwo feet from the front door.
- Cat the far side of the front yard, away from the house.
- Done mile away from the house.
170Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen.
The significance of Perky's results was that- Ascreen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.
- Bpeople were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
- Cthe screen images had no effect on people's mental images.
- Dpeople "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.
171Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
- Aimagery and perception are two different phenomena.
- Bimagery and perception can interact with one another.
- Cthere are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images.
- Dcreating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.
172Imagery neurons respond to
- Aall visual images.
- Bonly visual images in a specific category.
- Can actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
- Dconcrete mental images but not abstract mental images.
173Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
- AImagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
- BImagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.
- CImagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches.
- DImagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.
174Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
- Athere is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
- Bperception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
- Cperception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
- Dperception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
175Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________.
- Ausing visual images; activated
- Busing visual images; deactivated
- Cperceiving stimuli; activated
- Dperceiving stimuli; deactivated
176Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
- Ais an epiphenomenon.
- Bcan be inferred using mental chronometry.
- Csupports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.
- Dplays a causal role in both perception and imagery.
177Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
- Asize of the field of view.
- Brecognition of objects in the left side of space.
- Cability to visually recognize objects.
- Dability to draw objects from memory.
178Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
- Aneglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
- Bneglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.
- Cneglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently “random” agnosia of different components of the fields.
- Dneglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.
179In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
- Aperception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
- Bit is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.
- Cimagery is more stable than perception.
- Dimagery occurs more automatically than perception.
180The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as
- Athe pegword technique.
- Bthe method of loci.
- Cpaired-associate learning.
- Da propositional representation.
181Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.
- Amental synthesis
- Bpaired-associate learning
- Cthe pegword technique
- Dthe method of loci
182The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
- Aorder.
- Bimportance.
- Cconcreteness.
- Dbizarreness
183As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
- Aassociations.
- Bpropositions.
- Crhymes.
- Dvisualizations.
184The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
- Adistinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.
- Bthey tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.
- Ctheir flexible, undefined structures allow “rememberers” to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.
- Dthey showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.
185Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________.
- Atopography
- Bchronometry
- Cimagery
- Dscanning
186Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?
- ASpatial
- BHypothetical
- CPropositional
- DDepictive
187Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?
- APegword
- BMental walk
- CDepictive representation
- DTopographic map
188The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
- ALongevity
- BNeural response
- CValidity
- DContent
189Which type of research employed a “train on perception, test on perception” method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?
- APaired-associate learning
- BMethod of loci
- CMultivoxel pattern analysis
- DTranscranial magnetic stimulation
190What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?
- AComplex images will appear one-dimensional.
- BImages will be perceived as being smaller.
- CTopographic maps will be mostly abstract.
- DImage processing will be reduced by half.
191Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.
- Agold; lead
- Bstone; smoke
- Cwave; droplet
- Dspark; flame
192A spatial imagery test measures a person’s capacity with imaging which of the following?
- ATexture
- BDistance
- CLayout
- DDetail
193A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.
- Aspatial
- Bpropositional
- Cabstract
- Ddetail
194According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?
- AA yellow kite in the sky
- BA white sailboat on the horizon
- CA pink beachball on your towel
- DA green popsicle in your hand
195Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language.
- Ahierarchical
- Brelational
- Cparallel
- Dpropositional
196Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
- AHierarchical structure
- BCommunication
- CGoverned by rules
- DIt involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols
197Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?
- ALanguage involves the use of a lexicon.
- BCoding is required for language.
- CLanguage symbols must have high discriminability.
- DLanguage has a structure that is governed by rules.
198Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they
- Alose the ability to communicate in any way.
- Binvent a sign language themselves.
- Cstart speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves.
- Ddemonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways.
199In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they
- Ahad a large number of sophisticated language systems.
- Bhad languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies.
- Ccommunicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it.
- Dhad just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.
200B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
- Aparsing.
- Bgenetic coding.
- Csyntactic framing.
- Dreinforcement.
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- Psychology Quiz on Practice questions (3), created by Lindsay Azer on 06/12/2018.
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- Lindsay Azer
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- Created on 6 Dec 2018 · updated on 13 Dec 2018
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