Flashcards
Sociology Ch. 1&2 Vocabulary
Cards in this deck (74)
- 1sociologythe systematic study of human society
- 2sociological perspectivethe special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people
- 3global perspectivethe study of the larger world and our society's place in it
- 4high-income countriesthe nations with the highest overall standards of living
- 5middle-income countriesnations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
- 6low-income countriesnations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor
- 7positivisma scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
- 8theorya statement of how and why specific facts are related
- 9theoretical approacha basic image of society that guides thinking and research
- 10structural-function approacha framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
- 11social structureany relatively stable pattern of social behavior
- 12manifest functionsthe recognized and intended consequences of any social patter
- 13social functionsthe consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
- 14latent functionsthe unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
- 15social dysfunctionany social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
- 16social-conflict approacha framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
- 17gender-conflict theorythe study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women
- 18feminismsupport of social equality for women and men
- 19race-conflict theorythe study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different race and ethinical group
- 20macro-level orientationa broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
- 21symbolic-interaction approacha framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
- 22micro-level orientationa close up focus on social interaction in specific situations
- 23positivist sociologythe study of society based on the scientific observation of social behavior
- 24sciencea logical system that basis knowledge on direct, systematic observation
- 25imperical evidenceinformation we can verify with our senses
- 26concepta mental construct that represents some aspects of the world in a simplified form
- 27variablea concept whose value changes from case to case
- 28measurementa procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
- 29reliabilityconsistency in measurement
- 30validityactually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
- 31correlationa relationship in which two or more variables change together
- 32cause and effecta relationship in which change in one variable (independent) causes change in another variable (dependent)
- 33interpretive sociologythe study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
- 34critical sociologythe study of society that focuses on the need for social change
- 35genderthe personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
- 36research methoda systematic plan for doing research
- 37experimenta research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
- 38surveya research method in which subjects respond to a series of statments or questions on a questionnaire or interview
- 39participant observationa research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
- 40stereotypea symplified description applied to every person in some category
- 41high culturecultural patterns that distiguish a socitey's elite
- 42popular culturecultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
- 43subculturecultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population
- 44multiculturalisma perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
- 45Eurocentrismthe dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
- 46Afrocentrismemphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns
- 47counterculturecultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
- 48cultural integrationthe close relationship among various elements of a cultural system
- 49cultural lagthe fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, dusrupting cultural system
- 50ethnocentrismthe practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
- 51cultural relativismthe practice of judging a culture by its own standards
- 52cultural universalstraits that are part of every known culture
- 53sociobiologya theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
- 54culturethe ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
- 55nonmaterial culturethe ideas created by members of a society
- 56material culturethe physical things created by members of a society
- 57societypeople who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
- 58culture shockpersonal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
- 59symbolanything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
- 60languagea system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
- 61cultural transmissionthe process by which one generation passes culture to the next
- 62Sapir-Whorf thesisthe idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
- 63valuesculturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and serve as broad guidelines for social living
- 64beliefsspecific ideas that people hold to be true
- 65normsrules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
- 66moresnorms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
- 67folkwaysnorms for routines or casual interactions
- 68technologyknowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
- 69hunting and gatheringthe use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
- 70horticulturethe use of hand tools to raise crops
- 71agriculturelarge-scale cultivation using plaws harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
- 72pastoralismthe domestication of animals
- 73industrythe production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
- 74postindustrialismthe production of information using computer technology
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- Sociology Flashcards on Sociology Ch. 1&2 Vocabulary, created by christen0526 on 11/09/2013.
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