Flashcards
unit 3: social inequality
Cards in this deck (61)
- 1social stratificationa hierarchy in which groups have different statuses and different levels of privilege
- 2social classwhere people in a society is grouped by their shared economic interests and social interests
- 3statusa position that someone has in society
- 4industrial societysocieties that use technology for mass production, in contrast to traditional societies
- 5minority groupa category of people lacking power; can be based on factors such as religion, disability and age
- 6slaverya stratification system in which one group is treated as the legal property of another group
- 7castea closed stratification system found in india
- 8closed societya society where mobility between different levels of stratification is not possible
- 9traditional societiessocieties that are still predominantly agricultural and have not yet become industrial
- 10discriminationwhen an individual or group suffers a disadvantage because of their characteristics, for example being refused a job
- 11ageismprejudice or discrimination against someone based on their age
- 12life chancesthe opportunities that people have to improve their lives
- 13fatalismindividuals' belief that they cannot control what happens to them
- 14civil rightsrights that protect the freedom of individuals
- 15human rightsa wider category than civil rights, including political rights
- 16deferred gratificationbeing able to set long term goals, planning for the future
(middle and upper class) - 17immediate gratificationchoosing instant satisfaction rather than waiting for a greater reward in the future
(working class) - 18working classmanual or blue-collar workers; lower life chances
- 19middle classprofessional and other non-manual workers, below the upper class and below the working class
- 20minority ethnic groupa minority group with a distinct national or cultural tradition
- 21social inequalitythe inequality between groups in a stratification system, for example in income or wealth
- 22distribution of wealththe way in which wealth is distributed
- 23welfare statethe way in which governments try to provide for the less well off and reduce social inequality
- 24meritocracya society in which individuals achieve the level that their talents and abilities deserve
- 25dependency culturea set of values leading people to lose the ability to look after themselves so they become dependent, for example, on welfare benefits
- 26redistribution of wealthadvocated by marxists and others to achieve greater equality by giving some of the wealth of the better-off to those who are less wealthy
- 27underclassa group below the working class that is effectively cut off from the rest of society
- 28marxisma theoretical perspective that sees conflict between classes as the most important feature of society
- 29disabilitycovers a wide range of types of impairment in how the body functions in carrying out activities
- 30cycle of poverty or cycle of deprivationwhen poverty tends to be inherited, so the new generation cannot escape the poverty of their parents
- 31social exclusionpeople who are unable to take part in the society in the same way as most people are excluded from social goods
- 32culture of povertywhen poor people have a set of values that keep them in poverty
- 33capitalismthe economic system of most countries today based on private ownership of the means of production
- 34bourgeoisiethe ruling or upper class in marxist class theory
- 35privileged groupsgroups enjoying higher status than others or material advantages
- 36racismprejudice or discrimination against an individual or group because of their ethnicity or perceived race
- 37elitea privileged group at the group
- 38apartheidthe stratification system in south africa until 1994 based on keeping racial groups apart
- 39scapegoatingwhen individuals or groups are blamed and sometimes punished for something which is not their fault
- 40feminismpolitical movement and a sociological perspective advocating equality of the sexes
1. radical
2. marxist
3. liberal
4. black - 41patriarchythe dominance of men over women and children in society
- 42glass ceilingthe unseen barrier that seems to prevent women from achieving the highest positions at work
- 43gendered division of labourthe way that societies expect women to be responsible for some tasks (such as cleaning and preparing food) and men for others
- 44new working classthe supposed new class formed by lower middle-class workers merging with the traditional working class
- 45social mobilitythe movement of individuals or groups from one class to another
- 46intergenerational social mobilitymovement between classes in society from one generation to the next, so that when a child grows up she is in a different class from her parents
- 47intragenerational social mobilitymovement between classes within one generation, so that an individual is born into one class and moves into another
- 48open societya society in which it is possible to move easily from one class to another
- 49blue collar workera manual worker, a member of the working class
- 50white collar workera non-manual worker, member of the middle class
- 51embourgeoisiementthe theory that the higher levels of the working class are becoming middle class
- 52vertical segregationoccupying different levels within a hierarchy
- 53horizontal segregationdifferences in the number of people from different groups (such as the sexes) in different occupations
- 54reserve army of laboura karl marx's critique of political economy
it refers to the unemployed and under-employed in capitalist society - 55lifestylea way of life; it denotes the interests, opinions, behaviours and behavioural orientations of an individual, group or culture
- 56market situationthe economic situation that one finds themselves in
- 57incomethe sum of earnings from work and other sources
- 58poverty linethe level of income below which people are judged to be in poverty
- 59relative povertybeing poor in relation to others in the same society
- 60unskilled workerworkers who need no or minimal training to perform their work
- 61skilled workerworkers who need skills acquired through training to perform their work
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- revision notes and keywords from glossary
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- Angel Chew
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