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Flashcards

B1

Nik Lerche Science GCSE English 42 cards

How can animals be clones in the lab?

Cards in this deck (42)

  1. 1Where are the chromosomes located?The nucleus.
  2. 2How many pairs of chromosomes are there?23
  3. 3What is within chromosomes?DNA
  4. 4What is within DNA?Genes
  5. 5What is the name given to different versions of the same gene?Alleles
  6. 6What do genes do?Code for proteins.
  7. 7Give examples of structural proteins and where they are found.Keratin - Hair
    Collagen - Tendons
  8. 8Give examples of functional proteins and their purpose.Enzymes
    Amylase - Breaks down starch
  9. 9Define genotype.All genes and organism has.
  10. 10Define phenotype.Characteristics an organism shows.
  11. 11How many chromosomes are there in gamets?23
  12. 12What is homozygous?2 same alleles for a gene.
  13. 13What is heterozygous?2 different alleles for a gene
  14. 14What does having an XY sex chromosome mean?You are a male.
  15. 15What does having an XX sex chromosome mean?You are a female.
  16. 16How does the Y chromosome cause the embryo to grow into a male?Specific protein is produceddue to the Y chromosome, this causes development of testes.
    Testes then produce male sex hormones, which cause rest of male reproductive system to develop.
  17. 17How does the lack of Y chromosome cause the embryo to grow into a female?The protein is not produced so he embryo develops ovaries and the rest of the female reproductive system.
  18. 18Give examples of genetic disorders.- Cystic fibrosis
    - Huntington's disease
  19. 19How do you contract a genetic disease?You inherit it from your parents.
  20. 20What causes a genetic disease?A faulty allele.
  21. 21Is the allele for cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant?Recessive
  22. 22What are symptoms of cystic fibrosis?- Thick sticky mucus in air passages, gut and pancreas
    - Breathing difficulty
    - Chest infections
    - Difficulty in digesting food
  23. 23Is the Huntington's Disease allele recessive or dominant?Dominant
  24. 24What are the symptoms of Huntington's?- Tremors
    - Memory loss
    - Mood changes
    - Poor conventration
  25. 25What does IVF stand for?In vitro fertilisation
  26. 26What is a benefit of genetic testing in relation to IVF?Doctors can test embryos for genetic disorders (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis).
    Only healthy ones will be implanted into mothers womb and others are discarded.
  27. 27What does IVF stand for?In vitro fertilisation
  28. 28What is a benefit of genetic testing in adults in relationships?To see if their children are likely to inherit a genetic disorder.
  29. 29What is a benefit of genetic testing on children/adults?It can be used in medicine to see whether a drug may not work as well on the person or even if they would have an adverse reaction to it.
  30. 30What are some issues with genetic testing?- Making a decision based on an incorrect result e.g aborting a baby.
    - Tests during pregnancy aren't 100% safe, 1% of tests cause a miscarriage.
    - If test is positive, should family be tested?
    - Life insurance may not be given to someone who tested positive.
    - Why should the unhealthy baby be aborted?
    - Employers may discriminate.
    - Should a person with a genetic disorder be aloud to have kids?
  31. 31Define a clone.Genetically identical organisms.
  32. 32Name the two different methods of natural cloning.- Asexual reproduction
    - Splitting of embryo
  33. 33Give 3 detailed examples of asexual reproduction.- Bacteria simply by dividing.
    - Plants by either producing horizontal stems called runner stems or by producing bulbs.
    - Some animals e.g the female greenfly do not need to mate - they just lay eggs which develop into identical females.
  34. 34How can animals be clones in the lab?Nucleus of an egg is removed and replaced with a donor nucleus. Cell is the stimulated so it starts dividing. New egg is then put into womb.How can animals be clones in the lab?
  35. 35What is a specialised cell? (Give an example)A cell designed for a particular job e.g White blood cell - Fight off infection
  36. 36Generally, when do cells normally become specialised?Early development.
  37. 37What is an unspecialised cell?A cell that can develop into different types of cells.
  38. 38What is the name given to unspecialised cells?Stem cells
  39. 39What are the two types of stem cell?- Adult
    - Embryonic
  40. 40Describe embryonic stem cells, what receiving them means and why they are useful.- Found in embryos
    - Embryo is destroyed when cells are removed
    - They are useful as they can become ANY cell.
  41. 41Describe adult stem cells, what receiving them means and why they are useful.- Found in adult animals e.g bone marrow
    - Involved in maintaining and repairing old and damaged tissues
    - Can specialise into many but not all cells
    - Cells can be safely removed
  42. 42What are uses of stem cells?- To treat disease (e.g sickle cell anaemia) by transplanting bone marrow. Bone marrow can turn into new blood cells to replace old faulty ones.
    - To replace organs. Embryonic stem cells can replace heart muscles.

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GCSE Science (Biology) Flashcards on B1, created by Nik Lerche on 17/04/2016.
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Nik Lerche
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