11876103
Descripción
Test por Med Student , actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Med Student
hace más de 6 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is pathology?
Respuesta
-
the science that studies the changes at cellular, tissue and organ level caused by diseases
-
the science that studies the body structure and morphology
-
medical discipline which aims to find the cause of death when a crime is suspected
-
medical discipline which provides the morphological diagnosis for the clinical practice
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Define the main branches of pathology
Respuesta
-
general pathology
-
clinical pathology
-
systemic pathology
-
experimental pathology
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Mark the correct statements.
Respuesta
-
"clinical pathology" builds up a theoretical idea of the pathological process
-
"general pathology" studies the specific morphological changes in organs and systems caused by a particular disease
-
'experimental pathology" researches the diseases using experimental animals and follows up the morphological changes caused by their treatment.
-
a and b statements are correct in reverse manner
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What are the possible outcomes of a disease.
Respuesta
-
recovery
-
to become chronic
-
death
-
all of the above
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which of the following isn't a sign of death?
Respuesta
-
livores
-
rigor mortis
-
decay
-
calor
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Mark the correct statement(s)
Respuesta
-
Algor mortis is stiffness of muscles after death
-
Rigor mortis is drying of the body after death
-
Livores are a violet-colored skin areas which develop after death
-
Decay is an early sign of death
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which are the specific methods of pathology?
Respuesta
-
autopsy
-
biopsy
-
clinical examination
-
clinical laboratory tests
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which of the followings are methods for taking biopsy?
Respuesta
-
excision
-
incision
-
surgical
-
all of the listed
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which are the purposes of pathological autopsy?
Respuesta
-
to accuse the clinicians of medical malpractice
-
to establish the cause of death and the definitive diagnosis
-
to help and educate clinicians and to improve their work
-
to help the relatives of the deceased to convict the doctors
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which are the conditions for an autopsy to be done?
Respuesta
-
death occurred in a hospital due to a disease
-
available medical history of the patient
-
presence of the treating doctor
-
all of the listed above
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What are the characteristics of a frozen section?
Respuesta
-
urgent diagnosis given during an operation
-
the preparation of the tissue samples is done by a paraffin method
-
the preparation of the tissue samples is done on a freezing microtome
-
sometimes the diagnosis is not exactly clear because of the preparation method but information like "malignant tumor" "benign tumor" or "inflammation" is given to the surgeons to know how to proceed with the operation
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Which fixative is most commonly used?
Respuesta
-
bouin solution
-
absolute alcohol
-
formalin 10%
-
salts of heavy metals
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What fixative should be used for a liver biopsy from a baby with a suspected inherited metabolic disease?
Respuesta
-
Formalin 10%
-
1.5-4% glutaraldehyde
-
Frozen section
-
Zenker's fixative
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What is the role of immunohistochemical stains?
Respuesta
-
to give urgent answers about the diagnosis or at least orientation about the pathological process during surgery
-
to determine the histogenesis of the tumor especially in highly undifferentiated malignant tumors
-
to determine the proliferative activity and the hormonal receptors of the tumor that is highly important for the treatment
-
to help determine the cause of death
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Cytokeratin, S-100 protein, Vimentin, Desmin, CD-20 are examples of:
Respuesta
-
special stains to prove different substances
-
immunohistochemical markers
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
In which cases a pathological autopsy is performed?
Respuesta
-
when there is suspicion for diagnostic or therapeutic malpractice
-
death of a person outside the hospital
-
when there is suspicion of violent death
-
death of a patient in the hospital and when the relatives don't ask the principal to cancel the autopsy
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Which of the followings is not a part of performing an autopsy?
Respuesta
-
dissection of organs
-
opening the body
-
taking biopsy from organ changes
-
extraction of abdominal and thoracic organs
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Size, shape, elasticity, consistency, color and cut surface are characteristics of:
Respuesta
-
microscopic examination of organs
-
gross examination of organs
-
ultramicroscopic examination of organs
-
none of the listed
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Indicate correctly the name of the described test.
The pericardial sac is cut in Y-like section and filled with water, after that, in the presence of a witness, the right ventricle is punctured with a knife.
Respuesta
-
test for thromboembolism
-
test for pneumothorax
-
test for air and gas embolism
-
test for fat embolism
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Indicate correctly the name of the described test.
The pulmonary artery is cut at the place of truncus pulmonalis. Tweezers are inserted and the content of the artery is taken out for examinationion.
Respuesta
-
test for pneumothorax
-
test for air and gas embolism
-
test for thromboembolism
-
test for fat embolism
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Indicate correctly the name of the described test.
A pocket between the skin and the ribs is formed and is filled with water. In the presence of a witness, the thorax is punctured with a thin knife in an intercostal space.
Respuesta
-
test for air and gas embolism
-
test for fat embolism
-
test for thromboembolism
-
test for pneumothorax
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Where is the main accumulation of glycogen in patients with diabetes?
Respuesta
-
in epithelial cells of convoluted tubules and Henle's loop
-
in epithelial cells of gastrointestinal mucosa
-
in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
-
endothelial cells of the vessels
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Mark the correct statement(s) for Mallory bodies?
Respuesta
-
they are accumulations of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
-
they are hyaline inclusions in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
-
they are caused by consumption of toxic mushrooms
-
they are seen in Wilson's disease, liver cancer, primary biliary cirrhosis but mainly in alcoholic disease
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Mark the correct statement(s) for Von Gierke's disease?
Respuesta
-
it is a genetic autosome-recessive disease
-
another name is glycogenosis type Il
-
it affects mainly the heart leading to severe heart failure in infants
-
there is excessive storage of normal glycogen in the liver and kidneys
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Mark the correct statement(s) for cellular edema
Respuesta
-
it is abnormal accumulation of water in the cytoplasm
-
it is reversible cellular injury
-
cells are small and shrunken
-
there are a few etiological factors that caused cellular edema
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Abnormal intracellular accumulation of proteins can be seen in:
Respuesta
-
the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules in proteinuria
-
in the cardiomyocytes in heart infarction
-
in the plasma cells in chronic inflammatory diseases as Russel's bodies
-
in the cells of pancreatic islets in diabetes mellitus
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The abnormal inclusions in the hepatocytes in alpha-I antitrypsin deficiency are composed of:
Respuesta
-
glycogen
-
lipids
-
bile
-
proteins
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
"Hyaline droplets" in the epithelial cells of renal tubules is another name for:
Respuesta
-
glycogen inclusions
-
protein inclusions
-
vacuolar degeneration
-
lipid inclusions
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Vacuolar degeneration and hydropic degeneration are more severe stages of:
Respuesta
-
fatty degeneration
-
protein degeneration
-
cellular edema
-
glycogen accumulation
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
PAS reaction with PAS control is used to distinguish:
Respuesta
-
Cholesterol from other lipids
-
Glycogen from mucus
-
DNA from RNA
-
Denaturated intracellular proteins from accumulated extracellular proteins
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
PAS —control is done using:
Respuesta
-
sulfuric acid
-
hydrochloric acid
-
amylase
-
picric acid
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What is fatty degeneration?
Respuesta
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in parenchymal cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the ECM of an organ
-
abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vessels
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What is lipomatosis?
Respuesta
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in parenchymal cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the cells of the interstitium of an organ
-
abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vessels
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What is obesity?
Respuesta
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in parenchymal cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cells
-
abnormal accumulation of lipids in the cells of the interstitium of an organ
-
abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vessels
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What is the relation between fatty degeneration of the liver and diabetes?
Respuesta
-
there is no relation between them
-
patients with diabetes have increased intake of lipids to provide more energy
-
the fatty liver in diabetes is caused by increased lipolysis and increased delivery of fatty acids in the liver
-
the fatty liver leads to diabetes mellitus
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
What is android type of obesity?
Respuesta
-
also called "male"or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female"or "pear"type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legs
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What is gynoid type of obesity?
Respuesta
-
also called "male"or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female"or "pear"type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legs
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
What is upper type of obesity?
Respuesta
-
also called "male"or "apple" type, accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female"or "pear"type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legs
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What is lower type of obesity?
Respuesta
-
also called "male"or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female"or "pear"type — accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legs
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Which type of obesity has worse prognosis?
Respuesta
-
gynoid type
-
male type
-
the obesity doesn't affect the patient's health
-
all of the obesity types have the same prognosis
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
In "tiger heart" the abnormal accumulation of lipids is:
Respuesta
-
in the cell of the heart's interstitium
-
in the cells around the pericardium
-
in the cardiomyocytes of the papillary muscles along the venules and the venous part of the capillaries
-
in the cardiomyocytes of the anterior wall of the left heart chamber
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment could be accumulated in the eyes?
Respuesta
-
copper
-
lead
-
coal dust
-
none of the above
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment could be deposited in the oral cavity?
Respuesta
-
coal dust
-
copper
-
lead
-
none of the above
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment(s) could be deposited in the skin?
Respuesta
-
carotene
-
silver
-
tattoo ink
-
all of the above
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigments could be deposited in the liver?
Respuesta
-
copper
-
silver
-
tattoo ink
-
coal dust
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment could be deposited in the kidney?
Respuesta
-
coal dust
-
copper
-
silver
-
all of the above
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment could be deposited in the lungs and lymph nodes?
Respuesta
-
coal dust
-
carotene
-
tattoo ink
-
none of the above
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Which exogenous pigment could be deposited in the brain?
Respuesta
-
coal dust
-
carotene
-
copper
-
tattoo ink
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Examples for non-organic pigments are:
Respuesta
-
coal dust
-
lead
-
carotene
-
silver
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Indicate the types of jaundice.
Respuesta
-
haemolytic/pre-hepatic
-
obstructive/ post-hepatic
-
hepatocellular/parenchymal
-
all of the above
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Haemolytic jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:
Respuesta
-
increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypoholic or acholic stool, increased bilirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Mechanical jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:
Respuesta
-
increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Parenchymal jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:
Respuesta
-
inceased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Which of the following stains are used to prove hemosiderin?
Respuesta
-
Sudan Ill in orange colour
-
Congo-Rod in brick-red colour
-
Perls in blue-green colour
-
Van Gieson in red colour
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
What is the etiology of brown induration of the lungs?
Respuesta
-
chronic left sided heart failure'
-
chronic right sided heart failure
-
mitral valve stenosis
-
acute left sided heart failure
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
What is the common between fibrosis, sclerosis and cirrhosis?
Respuesta
-
the common is the increased development of connective tissue in the organ
-
the common is the lipid accumulation in the intetitium of the organ
-
the common is the fibrinoid degeneration of the organ
-
they are different processes and don't have anything common between them
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Which of the following extracellular changes shows basophilia on H-E stain?
Respuesta
-
fibrinoid degeneration
-
hyalinosis
-
mucoid degeneration
-
amyloidosis
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Which of the following changes are characterized by eosinophilia on H-E stain?
Respuesta
-
mucoid degeneration
-
vacuolar degeneration
-
fibrinoid necrosis
-
fibrinoid degeneration
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Metachromasia can be seen in which of the following changes on ToluidinBlue stain?
Respuesta
-
fibrinoid degeneration
-
mucoid degeneration
-
fibrinoid necrosis
-
hyalinosis
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Special stains for fibrin are also used in:
Respuesta
-
fibrinoid degeneration
-
fibrinoid necrosis
-
mucoid degeneration
-
amyoidosis
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells is typical for:
Respuesta
-
mucoid edema
-
fibrinoid necrosis
-
fibrinoid degeneration
-
none of the above
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
What is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the heart arterioles?
Respuesta
-
it causes myocarditis
-
it causes rheumatic heart disease
-
it causes ishaemic heart disease
-
it cause subacute endocarditis
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
What is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the pancreatic arteroles?
Respuesta
-
it can cause diabetes mellitus
-
it can cause pancreatic cancer
-
it can cause acute pancreatitis
-
hyalinosis in the pancreas is a physiological process related with ageing
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
What is the common between "glazed spleen" and corpus albicans ovarii?
Respuesta
-
the process in both is hyalinosis
-
the process in both is fibrosis
-
the process in both is fibrinoid degeneration
-
the process in both is amyloidosis
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Which stain is used to prove rheumatism in acute stage in a heart valve?
Respuesta
-
Prussian Blue
-
Toluidin-Blue
-
Congo-Red
-
Perls
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Mucoid swelling can be seen in:
Respuesta
-
Heart valves in rheumatism
-
Basedow's dermopathy
-
Myxedema
-
all of the listed above
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Which are the types of fibrinoid?
Respuesta
-
fibrinoid related to immune complexes in autoimmune diseases
-
physiological fibrinoid degeneration with aging
-
fibrinoid caused by the influence of biological, chemical and physical factors
-
fibrinoid caused by fast plasmorrhagia in the vessel walls in malignant hypertention
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
The necrosis which develops at the base of an acute or chronic active ulcer in the stomach or duodenum is:
Respuesta
-
coagulative
-
caseous
-
fibrinoid
-
liquefactive
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Which degeneration in the extracellular matrix is seen during the acute stages of autoimmune diseases?
Respuesta
-
hyaline
-
fibrinoid
-
amyloid
-
none of the above
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Indicate the correct statement(s) for nephrosclerosis arteriolosclerotica:
Respuesta
-
it affects microscopically the afferent and efferent arterioles
-
it is a result of prolonged benign hypertention
-
it is a reversible process
-
the process is hyalinosis
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
What are the microscopic changes seen in the brain in benign long-term hypertention?
Respuesta
-
hyalinosis of the vessels' walls
-
edema around vessels
-
accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the soft brain membranes
-
developments of specific granulomas in the brain tissue
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
The gross description: thick, hard, glassy whitish depositions, non-digestable by enzymes, is indicative for
Respuesta
-
steatonecrosis
-
liquefactive necrosis
-
hyalinosis
-
fibrinoid deposition
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Mark the correct statements for Corpus albicans ovarii (white bodies of the ovaries).
Respuesta
-
they are example of physiological hyalinosis
-
they are example for pathological hyalinosis after inflammatory processes in the ovaries
-
they are example for physiological accumulation of fibrinoid
-
they develop after the regression of corpus luteum
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
The following diseases are examples of amyloid depositions. Find the mistake!
Respuesta
-
rheumatoid arthritis — AA amyloid
-
multiple myeloma — AL amyloid
-
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland — AA amyloid
-
Alzheimer's disease — A4 amyloid
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
'Sago spleen and lardaceous spleen' are:
Respuesta
-
gross appearance of the localized (sago-spleen)and generalized (lardaceous spleen) amyloidosis of the spleen
-
sago spleen is amyloidosis of the spleen, while lardaceous spleen is hyalinosis of the spleen
-
gross appearance of the spleen in Hodgkin's lymphoma depending on the severity of the process
-
in lardaceous spleen the amyloid is deposited in the white pulp only, while in sago spleen both white and red pulp have amyloid deposition
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Systemic amyloidosis is proven by a biopsy from?
Respuesta
-
gingiva
-
heart
-
fat tissue from abdominal wall
-
ileum
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
What type of calcification develops in the complicated atherosclerotic plaques?
Respuesta
-
metastatic
-
dystrophic
-
metabolic
-
physiological
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Which are the causes for hypocalcaemia?
Respuesta
-
hypoparathyroidism
-
hyperparathyroidism
-
intoxication with vit. D
-
senile osteoporosis
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
What kind of gout can develop in a patient with leucemia?
Respuesta
-
gout caused by excessive consumption of meat and meat products
-
genetic gout caused by error in the metabolism of uric acid
-
renal injury because kidneys cannot excrete the excessive amount of uric acid
-
patients with leucosis never develop gout
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Which of the following microscopic descriptions most likely suggest kidney amyloidosis? The stain is H-E in all the described specimens.
Respuesta
-
highly enlarged glomeruli, the capillary tufts filled almost all of the capsular space, capillary lumens are obliterated; pink homogeous substance is deposited also in the mesangium, in the basement membranes of the tubules and in the walls of the blood vessels
-
afferent and efferent arterioles have homogenously thick walls stained in pink, some of the glomeruli look smaller, with totally effaced structure and homogenously pink in color, while others may look normal in size, or even with compensatory hypertrophy.
-
the interstitium shows chronic inflammatory reaction, the main change is seen in the kidney tubules which look dilated and filled with pinkish substance (these tubules look like thyroid follicles)
-
many glomeruli show crescent proliferations, encompassing 2/3 f the Bowman's space; the process ends with global sclerosis of the gomerulus
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
Which of the following stain(s) is used to prove amyloidosis?
Respuesta
-
Perls
-
Congo-Red
-
Van Gieson
-
Methyl violet
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Mark the correct statement(s) for kidney alymoidosis
Respuesta
-
small, shrunken kidneys with granular surface and difficult decapsulation
-
enlarged pale kidneys with waxy texture
-
amyloidosis affects only one of the kidneys and doesn't lead to chronic renal failure
-
kidney amyloidosis is reversible after the treatment of the primary disease and has very good prognosis
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Mark the terms which indicate amyloidosis of the spleen.
Respuesta
-
lardaceous spleen
-
glazed spleen
-
sago spleen
-
porphiric spleen
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Granulomatous structures, consisting of uric acid crystals, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and giant multinucleated cells type "foreign body" are characteristic for which disease?
Respuesta
-
tuberculosis
-
sarcoidosis
-
gout
-
brucellosis
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
Calcification of the aorta characterizes with:
Respuesta
-
hard, rigid wall of the aorta
-
soft, elastic wall of the aorta
-
can be complicated with mural thrombosis and aneurysm
-
is a result of metabolic calcification
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Amyloidosis of the liver:
Respuesta
-
develops because of liver dysfunction and liver failure due to chronic liver disease
-
is characterized grossly with small, brown liver with decreased elasticity
-
can develop in chronic inflammatory diseases or in autoimmune diseases
-
is characterized grossly with enlarged, pale liver with waxy texture
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
Renal complications of gout include:
Respuesta
-
uric crystals nephrolithiasis
-
uric-acid infarction
-
urate nephropathy
-
all of the listed above
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
Indicate the correct statement(s) for necrosis.
Respuesta
-
It is a programmed cell death
-
It is provoked cell death
-
It affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involved in the process
-
there is a demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected area
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Indicate the correct statement(s) for apoptosis.
Respuesta
-
it affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involved
-
there is demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected area
-
it ends with phagocytosis of the cellular fragments
-
it is always accompanied by inflammation at the periphery of the area
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
What is the difference between fibrinoid degeneration and fibrinoid necrosis?
Respuesta
-
fibrinoid degeneration is accumulation of fibrinoid in the extracellular space while fibrinoid necrosis includes not only fibrinoid degeneration but also death of cells and extracellular components in the area of fibrinoid degeneration
-
these isn't any difference, the two terms are synonyms
-
fibrinoid degeneration is a physiological process while fibrinoid necrosis is a pathological process
-
fibrinoid degeneration is accumulation of fibrin in the extracellular matrix while fibrinoid necrosis is necrosis of the fibrin in the extracellular matrix
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