Fichas
Romans britain
Fichas del conjunto (56)
- 1Why wanted to protect public healthNeeded healthy soldiers, workers and merchants to keep empire prosperous
- 2Places builtBuilt town villas army forts in healthy places away from marshland and polluted water tried to keep cities clean and make sure had fresh water supply
- 3EngineersOften from the army kept everything running and dealt with repairs
- 4ProblemsCouldn't stop plagues spreading as soldiers carried disease wherever they fought or defend the empire
- 5Roman hospitalsForts had hospitals for soldiers had small wards often of four beds each had kitchen, baths and dispensary for making remedies. Staffed by surgeons and his assistants. Did not have hospitals caring for the sick. People who could afford to pay a doctor could be treated in their own homes. But archeological evidence from c.200ad had small hospitals that were more like car homes.
- 6AqueductsCarried fresh water many miles to towns
- 7Water pipesWere made from lead or timber carried water around the town some people would have developed lead poisoning but Romans did not know
- 8Public fountainsProvided for drinking and washing most people got their water from fountains, street pumps and rain barrels as were not rich enough to have water piped to their houses
- 9Bah housesPlaces to exercise, washing, talk and business. Even small towns had these very accessible as charged users low quadrans. Water only changed once a week
- 10ReservoirsHeld the water supply and distributed it to the piping system
- 11FortsHad their own bath houses water supply and latrines, many also had hospitals for the soldiers
- 12Public latrineswere often flushed by water from the public baths and then drained into the sewers, they often seated twenty people in one room
- 13SewersCarried waste away from homes latrines and bahts built of stone and depended on there being enough water in the system to flush it out if not waste built up spreading disease instead of stopping it
- 14Limits of systemBath houses unless kept clean would have been hotbeds for disease, housewives had to carry water from public water tanks or draw it from a well, sewers built close to the surface leading to unpleasant smells and disease, forts were only for soldiers poor water flow from sewers if there was little rain led to diseases spreading. also chucked dirty water out the window
- 15Herbal remedies for poorMany women had vast knowledge of medical treatments handed down by generation. Many specalised in herbal remedies, mainly plants, but also animal fats and minerals. Many worked for example mixture of onion juice, honey and valerian or poppy juice know honey can kill infections. Plant valerian worked as a sedative and pain reliever and poppy plant was used for pain relief in general.
- 16Herbal remedies for richHead f household, the paterfamilias would look up treatments in a medical book such as huge compendium of herbal cures collected by Dioscordies. Modern scientific tests have shown that at least 20% of remedies contained ingredients such as honey or garlic killed bacteria in infections.
- 17Books adviceMight also advise you what to do once you recover for instance Celsus stressed the importance of exercise to avoid illness but only for wealthy as poor already worked
- 18Gods and their priestsmight wear a charm to ward of evil spirits especially pray for god for good health and a cure. Would also pray to gods of healing greatest was Asclepius. People often went to temples to see the god's priests and seek help. Sometimes left small carvings of the sick part of the body. Priests would also encourage patients to take excercise, cleanse and build up their strength by eating regular meals and having plenty of rest
- 19Trained doctorsCould see a trained doctor probably cost money although many towns employed doctors to treat the poor. Doctors mostly rained by acting as apprentices to experienced doctors not compulsory anyone could be a doctor
- 20having a babyWomen looked after each other in childbirth many became experienced essentially midwives best were intelligent, robust , respectable, and literate and experienced in nutrition, pharmacy and surgery emphasised cleanliness for instance need for oil but had not technical methods of helping if there were problems during a birth for instance shaking a baby was supposed to speed up
- 21HippocratesBorn c.460bc on the island of Cos where he workded as a doctor and teacher of doctors died c. 370bc
- 22Hippocratic oathWas made to give people confidence in doctors makes clear doctors are not magicians but have to keep high standards of treatment and behaviour and work for the benefit of their patients not to make themselves wealthy still implemented today
- 23Hippocratic collection of booksmany of the books written by other doctors important as first detailed list of symptoms and treatments used for many centuries
- 24Observing and recordingShowed very important to observe and record carefully the symptoms and development of diseases doctors more likely to choose the right cure if found cause these could then be used to help diagnosis and treatment of future patients
- 25Natural treatmentsEncouraged doctors to look for natural treatments for illnesses rather than praying to the gods for help
- 26Keeping healthyemphasised importance of helping people stay healthy recommended a light diet, gentle exercise and rest to keep the body's humors balanced.
- 27Four humors - cause of diseaseBody contains four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile believed sickness was caused by thes becoming unbalanced
- 28Galen's importanceBorn AD129 son of architect had dream saying his son would be a physician began studing at the age of 16 travelling to Alexandria, became surgeon at a gladiators school gaining experience treating wounds and increasing his knowledge of anatomy. age 20 moved to rome put on public perfomances dissecting animals and giving talks. Cared for royal family rest of life
- 29Galens workFamous because of books wrote combined greek ideas with what he learned from his own work in Alexandria and rome and presented it all so convicingly that they became basis for medicatl teaching and learning for the nex 1500 years
- 30Galen like hippo my main manBased work on four humours believed illness caused by imbalances in the four humours emphaised observations taking puls and detailed notes of symptoms in AD167 kept notes on plague patients fever, thirst, diarrhoea, skin rash and spat blood plague became known as Galen's plague.
- 31Galen's ideas of oppositesHe used opposites to balance humoursfor instance if too much phlegm then the illness was cold so give heat suc as peppers vice versa could use cucumber
- 32Galens ideas of anatomy and dissectionGalen believed anatomy and dissection was important contradictory to Hippocrates believed should dissect humans if not possible apes. Demonstrated workings of the nervous system by dissecting pigs showing that only some nerves controlled the system. Proved brain not hear controlled speech, arteries and not just the veins carried blood around the body he made mistakes as animal and human bodies not the same
- 33Galen's differenceWrote hundreds of books covering every aspect of medicine in an extremely detailed and well organised way included work of earlier earlier doctors such as hippo added ideas of structure and workings of the body. Evident had covered everything so people saw him as having all the answers. also people believed Galen was right as ideas fitted in with the ideas of the Christian churc, controlled education in Europe int he Middle ages although not a christian, believed body had been created by the one true divine god as all the parts of the body fit together perfectly.
- 34Life in Britian after RomansBritian was changed towns slowly abandoned public health systems gradually stopped working without trained engineeriing skills of the Roman army. By AD 500 Britian was a country without towns and everyone lived in small villages and lived as farmers.
- 35End of Roman EmpireAfter the Roman empire collapsed Britain split into many small kingdoms frequently invading and fighting each other. During fifth and sixth centuaries Britian was taken over by tribes of Angles and Saxon who could not read and were intrested in upkeeping public health. However there were plenty of practice for surgeons because of the wars but libraries and public health systems were destroyed in the wars and money was spent on war not public health systems.
- 36Dissaperance of doctorsThere was disappearance of trained doctors from AD400 to AD1000. Because towns were not wealthy, no rich people who could afford doctors, Britain was not peaceful so people who wanted to be doctors could not get Galen's books and travel to learn from other doctors. People had to get help from family, local wiseman and leeches - men who built up their knowledge through practice if they were sick. These had just as good or better than trained doctors of Roman times but knowledge of the work of hippo and Galen alsmost completely disappeared.
- 37Universities and return of physiciansBetween 1000 and 1300 landowners grew rich from good harvest of food wealthiest were bishops and abbots of the Christian Church who spent their profits on building grand cathedrals and founded universities such as Paris in 1110, Oxford in 1167, Cambridge in 1209.
Universities had trained physicians highest ranking of all healers, very few people could afford the training which took seven years so there were never a lot of physicians. In 1300s less than 100 physicians in England. However these could charged high fees to kings, nobles and wealthy merchants. - 38Training physiciansMedical students attended lectures and read books by Galen, other Greek and Roman writers, translated Arab scholars like Ibn Sina and al Razi students expected to memorise this information and not challenge. When Roger Bacon suggested tha doctors should do their own research he was thrown in prison. Students also learned how each part of of the body was affected by the movements of planets and stars, astrology. Believed theis affected the balance of the humours in the body and could cause illness so doctors needed to know the position of the planets before making his diagnosis and deciding on a treatment
- 39Understanding the human bodyStudents only watched the dissection and illustration of what was occuring from galen were read out while the dissection was taking place so investigations did not make new discoveries but only prove what they knew.
- 40Why hospitals looked afterBenedictine monks believed they should care for the sick and help them as you would help Christ, who you help in helping the sick. So looking after sick was important part of the Christian Church led to many hospitals being founded in the Middle Ages, St Bartholmew's Hospital in London was one of the first to be founded in 1123. By 1400 there were over 500 hospitals were set up to care for particular cases. In London , Richard Whittington, the Lord Mayor, paid for an eight bed hospital for unmarried pregnant woman. In Chester there was a hospital for the care of 'poor and silly persons'. Leper houses, Lazurs, built outside town to seperate the victims of leprosy from healthy people. particulary feared because it rotted people's flesh. Hospitals were like care homes looking after poor and elderly, 47%, no medical care, providing food, rest and mostly importantly prayer. Revealed by the fact at the end of the hall was and altar where priests said mass seven times a day. Nursing care provided by nuns who had knowledge of herbal and other remedies, often drawn from the books in their library. 10% cared for sick, 12% provided shelter to poor travellers and pilgrims, 31%were leper hospitals no medical care.
- 41Importance of women in caring for sickFor nearly everyone except rich, illnesses were taken to the women of the household like in Roman Britian. Mothers and wives had a wide range of remedies at their fingertips although sometimes the local wisewoman was called in to use her skills and knowledge. Women also acted as midwives, in some towns they had to be apprenticed and gain licences and were paid for expertise. Women could also qualify as surgeons by working as apprentices. Family had high importance on this oppurtunity, records list Katherine, a surgeon in London around 1250, whose father and brothers were surgeons. However woman not allowed to become physicians and not allowed to attend university.
- 42Ideas on causes of diseases God or the DevilGod or the Devil: Most common God sent illnesses such as the Black Death to punish people for their sins. Anglo-Saxons believed that elves and spirits, the Devil's helpers, shot invisible arrows, known as elf-shot, to cause everyday illnesses such as headaches
- 43Ideas on causes of disease The four humoursPhysicians followed the theories of Hippo and Galen and said that illness was causesd by body's humours were out of balance. Greek books were at the centre of uni medical training. These ideas were widely ascepted because physician were respected for uni training. Islamic doctors also believed in the importance of the four humours because of their studies of Galen.
- 44Ideas on causes of disease: Common senseCommon explanation was that bad air caused illness. At time of the Black Death many people said that earthquakes had infected the air. Some people did link bad air to dirt and filth in the street but could not figure out the connection. Another common sense belief was that worms caused illness as many people suffered from worms in their stomach and they would have seen these worms in their faecees.
- 45Ideas on causes of disease: Desperate explanationsThey were caused by devestation of Black Death:
English monk blamed the outrageous fashion that people had been wearing in recent years.
Churchaman said God was punishing children who did not respect or look afther their parents.
Minority groups were blamed , Jews were said to have poisoned water supplies and in some places they were burned as people looked to blame someone. - 46How tried to stay healthyGiven by phsicians to clients as wanted to avoid illness.
Eat light meals so digest food easily
Take plenty of gentle exercise in the fresh air
Relax as much as possible
Stay on good terms with your neighbours and the people you work with
Avoid stressful noise such as barking dogs and street brawls
Regulary send sample of your urine to physician so he can look for developing illness.
Avoid evil humours building up in your body by taking potions to purge your stomach or going regulary to a surgeon to be bled, in some monasteries monks were bled seven to twelve times a year to prevent illness could lead to unconsciousness 3-4 pints of blood sometimes were killed.
Build your house and garden in fresh air where the winds can take away bad smells
Bathe in hot water to soothe your body. All only advice for wealthy but simple hand copied versions of the guides to Healthy Living listed were popular and were sold in towns and carried round the country by peddlars. - 47Diagnosing the illnessPhysician's most important piece of equipment was his urine chart. Physician matched the patients urine agains the colours, smell and density shown on the chart, may also taste the urine to check it was normal. Method of diagnosis was uroscopy fitted the Theory of the Four Humours for instance too much white urine was sign of too much phlegm in the body. Physicians also followed Hippo and Galen by making careful observations of symptoms led the Arab doctor, al Razi to describe for the first time the difference between smallpox and mealses, until then all infections with rashes were thought to be the same illness.
- 48Work of the physician: Timing the treatmentAfter diagnosis physician best time to carry out the treatment dependant on astrology. The Zodiac man showed the doctor when to avoid treating each part of the body, when the moon was is Pisces the feet should not be treated.
- 49Bleedingthis kind of treatment usually carried out by a physician. Done by warming a bleeding cup lacing it over a small cut and letting the warmth draw blood out of the cut. Alternatively leeches wer used to sink their jaws into the patien and draw off blood, a method still used in the nineteenth century. Believed, revealed by medical book, clears the mind, strengthens the memory, musical voice, dispels sleepiness, drives away anxiety, feeds the blood and rids it of poisonous matter and gives long life, cures pains, fevers and various sicknesses and makes urine clear and clean. Carried out as cure to restore the balance of the humours. Purging the stomach was another way of getting rid of evil humours, could mean swallowing a mixture of herbs and animal fat to make the person sick or taking a laxative, food or drug that emptys bowels. Best methods commonly used and often at the same time.
- 50Home remediesCure for stye form Bald's Leechbook a tenth century collection of treatments. Honey and plantain both very common ingredients for problems such as cuts, wounds and dog bites acted like modern antibiotic in fighting infection. common remedies based on herbs, plants, minerals and animal plants. Most women knew by heart but written down in commonplace books or 'herbals' books illustrating each plant and other ingredient, the exact quantities required and how to mix up the potion. Also included prayers to say while colelcting the herbs to increase the effectiveness of the remedy. Anglo saxon cure written down AD900: scratch the neck after the setting of the sun and silently pour the blood into running water, after that spit three times then say: Have thou this unheal and depart with it. Onion and garlic used as now know kill bacteria.
- 51Why public health deteriatedWater for drinking and cooking was collected from the river or storage pits, which were often next to the cesspits people used as toilets. Pigs and chickens roamed the streets, rats, mice and hawks scavenged in streets full of rotting fish bones, animal dung, food waste and even human faeces. Conditions improved by 1200 many houses in cities like London had stone foundations a few built entirely of stone. Cesspits lined with brick or stone and so were less likely to leak into drinking water supplies. Although unable to stop the spread of plague Roman techonological knowledge to build infrastrutcre.
- 52Reasons for ineffective public healthMonastry expected to lead army and defend the public rather than invest in public health. Did not have enough officials to punish all the people who broke the law for instance Londoners would not pay their taxes . Believed God sent the disease so the upkeep of public health would not stop the spread of disease
- 53Public health in monastriesWater from the fish pond flushed the latrines and then drained into a town ditch, had latrine block, if main water supply failed two wells supplied back up water supplies. Reservoir stored water coming from the piping system. Had drainage, and pipes bring water for washroom, baker, brew house,kitchen and fish pond. Similar to Roman forts.
- 54Reasons for stagnation of public health knowledgeChristian church grew as missionaries sent around converting tribes this was the only centralised organisation to survive the collaps of the Roman Empire so very powerful throughout middle ages Galens books survived in monastries when uni began to train doctors, Galens books were again read. The church also people what to believe and how to act. Controlled education priests and monks wre the only people who learned to read in the period, church sometimes banned books which they did not want people to read. There was a convertism attitude as respected ancient book not encouraged to think for themselves, including ideas about medicine. Church taught there were supernatural explanations for everything .
- 55Progression on public health knowledgeAfter about 100 Europe began tor recover from chaos.
Harvests improved, trade improved,scholars travelled more freely, there was more money, Church became richer . By 1300 Chuch set up uni for doctor training, ruler again taking measures to clean towns - 56Still reading GalenDoctors in 1350 were still reading Galens books believed ideas were correct impossible to improve on his work, so did the Church as fitted with Christian ideas so difficult to question
Información
- Descripción
- A-Level (Medicine through time) History Fichas sobre Romans britain, creado por Chima Power el 06/07/2014.
- Creado por
- Chima Power
- Visitas
- 32
- Valoración