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CHAPTER 11 : AGGRESSION
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- 1Define aggressionbehaviour intended to harm another individual
- 2violenceextreme acts of aggression
- 3angerstrong feelings of displeasure in response to a percieved injury
- 4hostilitynegative, antagonistic attituded toward another person or group
- 5proactive aggressionaggressive behaviour whereby harm is inflicted as a means to the desired end (instrumental aggression)
e.g. self defence/ personal gain - 6reactive aggressionaggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide, harm is inflicted for its own sake (usually impulsive - jealousy)
- 7bullying involves...1. intentional harm
2. repetition
3. power imbalance - 8east vs. west bullyingEAST = bullying in the classroom and a single target by large group
WEST = playground and students who don't know each other well - 9men vs. women in murderMEN = large number of homicides/ physically aggressive/ overtly aggressive
WOMEN = large number of killing intimate partners / indirect or relational aggression - 10what does indirect aggression involve?target person's relationships and social status (gossip, backbiting, lies, getting others dislike the person)
- 11why do females usually use indirect aggression?care more about relations and intimacy - see social injuries more effective
also physical norms of aggression discouraged in girls - 12issue of men being abusedlessliekly report being abused by intimate partner
- 13issue of being a woman in domestic abusemore likely be killed, injured or sexually assaulted not becasue men strike more, but because they strike harder
- 14Big 51. agreeableness (if low - predictor)
2. conscientiousness
3. openness to experience (if low)
4. extraversion
5. neuroticism (if high) - 15some traits make likely aggressive if provoked1. emotional susceptibility
2. Type A personality
3. impulsivity - 16emotional susceptibilitytendency feel distressed, inadequate and vulnerable to percieved threats
- 17Type A personalitytendency be driven by feelings of inadequacy to prove oneself through personal accoomplishments
- 18impulsivityrelativily unable control one's thoughts and behaviors
- 19is esteem a predictor of aggression ?no, but narcissism is
- 20What is the Dark Triadset of three traits associated with higher levels of aggressiveness: psychopathy, narcissism and machiavellianism
- 21machiavellianismcharacterised by manipulation
- 22psychopathyimpulsive, lack of empahty
- 23when you have good self-controlresist impulses and act in ways consistnet with personal and social standards of appropriate behavior
- 24Role of genesvariations in the MAOA gene linked to aggression ( monoamine oxidase A )
- 25Role of testosteroneless - more academically successful, smile more and socially responsible
more - more threatening and aggressive towards dating partners, aggressive dominance, aptitude in sports and mental toughness - 26cortisol and testosteronehigh testosterone and low cortisol - aggression (when cortisol high - then block or inhibit)
- 27serotoninrestrain impulsive, reactive acts. Lower levels - bad. But there are drugs that can help by boosting serotonin activity
- 28brain and exective functioningabnormalities in frontal lobe - issue. Impaired prefrontal processing can disrupt executive functioning
- 29executive functioningcognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions
- 30Damages to braindamage to uncinate fasciculus - more impulsive
- 31reinforcementpositive reinforcement = aggression produces desirable outcome
negative reinforcement = aggression prevents or stops and undesirable outcome - 32can punishment be effective in reduce aggresion ?1. immediatly follow
2. strong enough to deter
3. consistently applied and percieved as a fair and legitimate by the aggressor - 33what is more important in punishment?certainty of punishment than severity
- 34social learning theorybehavior is learned through an observation of the others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments
- 35aggressive model and social learningfrom models learn:
1. aggressive scripts which guide behvaior and solving social problems
2. develop positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression - 36cycle of violencethe transmission of domestic violence across generations
- 37can good models decrease violence?1. teaches peaceful alternatives
2. strengthens existing restraints against aggression
3. helps angry person settle down - 38effect of living in culture of honorwhen feel offended:
1. gretaer physiological signs of being upset
2. physiologically primed for aggrssion
3. engage more in dominant subsequent behabior - firmer handshake - 39culture and culture of honorindividualistic societies = honor focused on individual
collective = protect honor of one's family - 40frustration - aggression hypothesis1. frustration always elicits the motive to aggress
2. all aggression is caused by frustration - 41displacementaggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access
- 42Error of frustration hypothesis1. frustration ot always lead to aggression
2. catharsis - reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed or actual act of aggression (myth)
process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions. - 43process of catharsis1. aggression reduces level of physiological arousal
2.arousal reduction - less angry and less likely aggress further
what works better? sympthy or humor as takes away stage for further aggression - 44negative affectnegative feelings can trigger aggression
- 45forms of negative effect1. heat
2. provocation and social rejection (when disrespected - greater effect than merely disliked)
3. culture - 46Collective cultures and negative effectanger violate values of social harmony , and more respect for hierarchy and social ranking - anger more displayed among higher social status
- 47Individualistic culturesthose felt have lower status express anger more frequently
- 48excitation transferarousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus
- 49types of arousal which role in excitation transfer1. physical exercise
2. noise
3. heat (misattribute arousal from heat to something else) - 50weapon effecttendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons (trigger thoughts and feelings)
* any external object or characteristic associated with successful aggression - trigger - 51hostile attribution biastendecy to percieve hostile intent in others (create vicious cycle)
- 52rumination (in context of aggression)repeatdely thinking about and relieving an anger-inducing inducing event, focus on angry thoughts and feelings, and perhaps even imaginign or planning revenge
- 53effect of ruminationenable force of anger to remain for longer period of time - cause direct and dispalced anger,arousal, raised blood pressure, negative affect and aggresive cognitions
- 54effect of high arousalimpairs cognitive control
- 55effect of alcohollower inhibiitons, impair executive funcitoning
- 56alcohol myopiaalcohol narrows focus of attention - focus on percieved provocation than other indicators
- 57"hangry"hungry and angry = low glucose leaves brain less energy for self-control
- 58caffeineincrease aggression - raise blood pressure and adrenaline
- 59GAMGeneral Aggression Model
- 60What does GAM say?1. aversive experiences, situational cues and individual differences can create negative affect, high arousal and aggressive thoughts
2. result depends on high order thin,ing which can inhibit or facilitate aggression - 61I cubed theoryemphasises role of self -control:
1. instigation
2. impellance
3. inhibition - 62instigationsocial factors that trigger aggressive impulses - such as social rejection
- 63impellancepersonality and situaitonal factors that promote the urge to aggress when encounter instigating factors - rumination
- 64inhibiitonself-control
- 65media and violencerelationship shown across longitudional and cross=sectional studies
- 66playing violent video gamesincrease aggressive behavior, cognition, affect and decreased prosocial behaviour and affect
- 67exposure to indirect aggressiondecreased helping behavior, evaluate others more negatively, and advocate indirect aggression as a repsonse to an ambigious situation
- 68media makes desensitizationreduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus (form of habituation - when get used to something, reaction diminish)
- 69cultivationprocess where mass media construct a version of social reality for the public ( tend depict world more violent than really is - people more fearful, distrustful, arm selves and aggresive in response to what appear threatening)
- 70why see world as overly violent ?tendency focus recent events, bias to publicise most shocking stories
- 71reduce violence1. better education
2. enhanced power of reason
3. moral reasoning
4. think in more abstract and univesal terms - 72ways of reduce aggression and violence1. reward nonaggressive behaviour
2. attractive models of peaceful behavior
3. fans and aircons when hot
4. apolgise - encourage it and see as strength
5. stop and think when feeling getting angry
6. discourage excessive alcohol, support efforts of treatment - 73more ways reduce aggression and violence1. good communication skills in relationships to avoid sitrust, misperceptions and jealousy
3. increase education and develop skills involve empathy, reasoning and self-control
4. reduce access and display of weapons
5. reduce forms of aggression in society - media, war, corporal punishment and fighting in sports - 74evolutionary psychology and aggressionuse principles of evolution to explain
- 75evolution and war1.obtain valuable resources, forge intragroup bonds and attract mates
2. less likely kill own offspring than another/stepchildren - 76evolution and men1.men competitive as females select high-status males, and aggression used as means of competing.
2. manhood must be earned and maintained repeatedly through action
3. more violent when percieve other men threat to ability attract women - 77evolution and women1. favour women committed to protect offspring (maternal aggression - aggress to defend)
2. aggress to protect selves as means to protect offspring - less risky behavior
3. use relational or indirect aggression (harm reputations of rival females - men less interested in them)
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- (Chapter 11 ) Psychology Fichas sobre CHAPTER 11 : AGGRESSION , creado por tallulah adey el 27/10/2018.
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