Fichas
Psychology
Fichas del conjunto (39)
- 1Between GroupsParticipants are spit into groups. each group tries only 1 condition. there is a difference between the treatment that each group receives.
- 2Within GroupsEach participant tries each condition being tested.
- 3Advantages and Disadvantages of Between Group Design-Quicker to Conduct
-Cheaper to Conduct
-Results Less Accurate and Reliable
-More Chance of Random Errors - 4Advantages and Disadvantages of Within Group Design-Takes longer to Conduct
-More Expensive to Conduct
-Results Much More Reliable
-Less Chance of Random Errors - 5Blind ProcedureParticipants do not know what conditions they are being subjected to, but the experimenter does know.
- 6Double Blind ProceduresNeither the participants or the experimenter know what condition participants are subjected to until after the experiment has concluded (debriefing).
- 7Placebo Affect-A placebo is a 'fake'
-The placebo affect is when a participant behaves in the way they think they ought to behave.
-Blind and double blind procedures as well as necessary deception all help t reduce the placebo affect
-Though deception is not ideal, if the benefits of the study outweigh the potential harm of deceiving participants, sometimes deception is necessary in order to obtain valid results. - 8SubjectiveDifferent for different people. Open to opinion. based on self-reports by participants and hard to verity/determine accuracy of response. e.g. How well did the participant sleep last night.
- 9ObjectiveCannot be argued with. Bot based on opinion, but based on factual evidence making it less likely to be affected by participant bias and is much harder for participants to manipulate the data. e.g. hooking participants up to an EEG scan to measure brainwaves.
- 10Objective Quantitative Measures-Physiologist Measures
-Behavioural Counts
-Scores on Standardised Intelligence Tests - 11Subjective Quantitative Measures-Responses on Checklists and Rating Scales
-Questionnaires - 12Objective Quantitative Measures-Physiological Measures
-Behavioural Count - 13Subjective Quantitative Measures -Self Report Measures-Thurstone Scale
-Likert Scale
-Semantic Differential Scale - 14Qualitative DescriptionData that is not numerical. Data is often worded, but can also come from discussion, extended written response or pictures.
- 15Qualitative Advantages-Allows study of more complex problems
-May allow formation of hypotheses as can be used when very little is known about a topic
-Focus groups can be used with illiterate people - 16Qualitative Disadvantages-Researcher bias may come in
-Presence of researcher may change responses
-Individuals may dominate a focus group
-Focus group participants may try to agree (group think)
-Delphi technique may result in non-responses and a small unrepresentative sample - 17Quantitative DescriptionNumerical Data
- 18Quantitative Advantages-May allow researcher to establish causality
-Allows data to be easily compared
-Can often be replicated easily - 19Quantitative Disadvantages-May not apply in real world
-Don't take into account unique characters
-Don't allow participants to qualify their responses - 20The 3 Investigation Designs in Psychology1. Experimental Design
2. Quantitative Observation Design
3. Qualitative Design - 21Experimental DesignThe researcher is able to manipulate the independent variable and observer the changes in the dependant variable.
- 22Quantitative Observational DesignThe researcher uses pre-existing groups and/or conditions.
- 23Qualitative Design-Focus Groups
-The Delphi Technique - 24Content AnalysisQualitative assessment of data
- 25Experimental ExampleSplit participants into two groups. Show group 1 a violent film and group 2 a non-violent film. Measure participant heart rates from each group to see which group is more physiologically aroused.
- 26Quantitative Observational ExampleStand outside a movie theatre after the viewing of a violent film and tally how many people come out of the theatre displaying some form of aggressive behaviour before exiting the movie complex.
- 27Qualitative ExampleShow your classmates a violent film. Afterwards, split them into smaller discussion groups to discuss how the film made them feel. Get one member to record the groups responses. Then analyse these written transcripts for common themes.
- 28Experimental Design: Advantages and Disadvantages-Researcher has more control over variables
-Random assignment of participants to minimise possible bias
-Result may not be apply in real world
-Sample may not represent the true population - 29Quantitative Observational Design: Advantages and Disadvantages-Can be performed in a natural setting
-Correlation allows entire population to be included
-Possible observer bias
-Naturalistic observations can not be repeated - 30Focus Groups: Advantages and Disadvantages-Data generated is rich in detail
-A few people may dominate discussion - 31Delphi Technique: Advantages and Disadvantages-Successive iterations in Delphi Technique can lead to refinement and more accurate data
-It is argued that the Delphi Technique forces consensus. - 32Unrepresentative DataDoesn't represent the entire population due to size in factors such as age, gender, socio-economic status or cultural groups.
- 33ValidityInternal validity within the study and external validity outside the study in terms of chance.
- 34Descriptive StatisticsA way of describing large amounts of data using simple summaries such as mean, median and standard deviation.
- 35Ethical Practices: Informed Consent-Participants freely consent to participate and withdraw
-Mindful of vulnerable groups (<18, elderly, disabled, mentally ill)
-Deception and debriefing (not influencing responses) - 36Ethical Practices: Voluntary Participation-No coercion to participate or positive consequences for not participating
-Payment undermines free consent
-Power and trust relationship - 37Ethical Practices: Confidentiality Anonymity-No disclosure of personal information without consent
-Protecting privacy - 38Ethical Practices: Right to Withdraw-No consequences if participants withdraw
-Often hard to withdraw once you start - 39Ethical Practices: Accurate Reporting-No fabrication
-Knowledge advanced by making others aware of it
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- Fichas sobre Psychology , creado por mladha01 el 04/01/2015.
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- mladha01
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