Fichas
CH. 13 FINAL
Fichas del conjunto (88)
- 1personalitythe unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual
- 2the first major component of personality:the UNIQUNESS of an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- 3the 2nd component of personality:its relatively enduring CONSISTENCY: both over time and across different situations
- 4Consistency over timethe extent to which a person behaves the same way throughout his or her life span
- 5Consistency across situationthe consistently unique way a person behaves in different situations
- 6traita disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
-traits are connected to behavior - 7behavioral thresholdsthe points at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one
- 8A statistical property of most personality traits is that they are:Normally distributed
- 9trait theoryassumes that dispositions are the major force behind personality
- 10psychoanalysisconsiders the unconscious to be the most powerful force in personality
- 11FUN FACTApprox. 50% of our traits are derived from nongenetic sources
- 125 perspectives on personalitypsychoanalysis
humanism
social - cognitive learning
trait-theory
evolutionary - biological theory - 13Sigmund Freudfounded the movement known as psychoanalysis, and in the process of doing so, essentially invented the field of psychotherapy
- 143 layers of consciousnessunconscious
preconscious
conscious - 15unconsciousit contains all the drives, urges, or instincts, that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions
- 16preconsciousjust below the surface of awareness
- 17consciouswhat we are aware of at any given moment in time
- 18Freud developed the notion that the human mind has 3 distinct "provinces" or regions involved in the control and regulation of impulsesid
ego
superego - 19idthe seat of impulse and desire; the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us
-sole function is to seek pleasure
-founded in the "pleasure principle"
"operates on the "do it" principle
"shoulder devil" - 20EGOa sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in the direct contact with the outside world; operates on the "reality principle"
-emerges by the end of our 1st year of life
-if the id wants pleasure, the ego makes a realistic attempt to obtain it - 21superegothe part of the self that monitors and controls behavior; "stands over us" and evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong; our conscious
-develops around age 2 or 3
-operates on the "moralistic principle"
-is the control center of the personality
-frequently applies the brakes to the impulses of the id
"shoulder angel" - 22defense mechanismsunconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way
- protects us from harmful, threatening, and anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, or impulses - 23all defense mechanisms share two qualities:- they operate unconsciously
-they deny and distort reality in some way - 24the most basic of all defense mechanisms is:repression
- 25repressionthe unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
- 26overly impulsive person
- 27overly controlled person
- 28healthy person
- 29the impulses that are most likely to repressed are:SEXUAL and AGGRESSIVE impulses
- 30reaction formationa defense mechanism that occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite
- 31projectiona defense mechanism in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others
- 32sublimationa defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way
- 33inferiority complexan unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency
- 34striving for superioritymajor drive behind all behavior, whereby humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies, both physical and psychological
- 35compensationAlder's description of an unconscious reaction people have to cover up their weaknesses and sense of inferiority by striving for superiority
- 36Birth order FIRST BORN-strong feelings of superiority and power
-can be nurturing of others
-sometimes highly critical and have strong need to be right - 37Birth order SECOND CHILDRENmotivated and cooperative, but they can become overly competitive
- 38birth order YOUNGEST CHILDRENCan be realistically ambitious, but also pampered and dependent on others
- 39birth order ONLY CHILDRENcan be socially mature, but they sometimes lack social interest and have exaggerated feelings of superiority
- 40Unconscious has two distinct forms:personal
collective - 41personal unconsciousthe form of consciousness that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives
- 42collective unconsciousthe form on consciousness that consists of the shred universal experiences of our ancestors - God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival - that have been passed down from generation to generation
- 43archetypesancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences
- 44shadowthe dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves
-shadow figures are found everywhere in politics, literature, and art, not to mention movies - 45animathe female part of the male personality
- 46animusthe male part of the female personality
- 47Karen Horneyone of the first major female voices
- 48The 3 Neurotic trends or needs1. moving towards others (compliant personality
2. moving against others (aggressive personality)
3. moving away from others (the detached personality) - 49Moving toward others involves:consistently needing or clinging to other people, belittling oneself, getting people to feel sorry for "poor little me"
- 50moving against others involvespuffing oneself up in an obvious and public manner, "chest-beating", competing against others at almost everything, being prone to hostility and anger
- 51moving away from others involves:developing a "detached" and "cool" demeanor - not responding emotionally, not caring, and being "above it al"
- 52neropsychoanalysisthe scientific movement, started in the late 1990s that combined Freudian ideas with Neuroscientific methods
- 53Humanistic approach emphasizes:-optimism
-humans are interested in reaching their full potential - 54positive psychologyembraces and generates empirical research, but its fundamental ideas come from two major thinkers in the humanistic tradition : Maslow and Rogers
- 55Self - actualizationpeoples inherent drive to realize their full potential
- 56unconditional positive regardthe acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior
- 57Gordon Allporttried to figure out how many personality traits existed by combing through a dictionary
- 58BIG FIVE (FIVE-FACTOR MODEL)a theory of personality that includes the following five dimensions (OCEAN): openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
- 59opennesshow interested in new experiences or new ides is someone? How imaginative, original, and curious are they?
- 60conscientiousnesshow planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, punctual, and ambitious is someone?
- 61extraversionhow sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, confident, and fun-loving is someone?
- 62Agreeablenesshow friendly, warm, trusting, generous, and good-natured, kind, sympathetic is someone?
- 63Neuroticismhow anxious, worrying, tense, emotional, and high strung is someone?
- 64what operates in the evolution of human personality traits?:Natural and Sexual selection
- 65Basic Tendenciesthe essence of personality: the big five personality dimensions, as well as talents, aptitudes, and cognitive abilities
- 66Mechanismsadaptive solutions to problems of survival and reproduction
- 67physical mechanismsthe bodily organs and systems that solve survival and reproductive problems
- 68psychological mecanismsthe internal and specific cognitive, motivational, or personality systems that solve specific problems of survival and reproduction
- 69Eysenck proposed 3 rather than 5 fundamental dimensions of personality:neuroticism
extraversion
psychoticism - aggressive, cold, antisocial, impulsive, creative - 70FUN FACTdifferences in individuals genomes (DNA) create a different level of arousal and sensitivity to stimulation
- 71cortical arousalthe brains level of activity at a resting state and its sensitivity to stimulation
- 72sensory thresholdrefers to how much of a stimulus is required for it to be perceived
- 73quantitative trait loci (QTL) approacha technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
- 74shared environmentconsists of living conditions that individuals have in common, such as having the same parents, schools, and peers.
- 75non-shared environmentconsists of living conditions that individuals do not have in common, such as having different parents, birth-order schools, and peers
- 76culture in the Eastrespectful, obedient towards others, belief in saving "face", emphasis on harmonious relationships
- 77collectivismcultures that tend to be ore concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends, and social groups (Asian cultures)
- 78individualismcultures that are more concerned with how their behavior will affect their own personal goals
- 79anthropomorphizingprojecting human qualities on animals
- 80inter-rater reliabilitya measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate personality or other behaviors
*the new raters are deemed "reliable" if their ratings compare well with established norms or export ratings, usually with a correlation of 0.80 or higher - 81projective testspersonality assessments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what he or she does
- 82One of the most widely used projective tests:Rorschach Inkblot Test
-the participant is asked to respond to a series of ambiguous inkblots
-can also help diagnose various psychological disorders, such as depression, suicidal thoughts, pedophilia, posttraumatic stress, anxiety - 83personality questionnairesself-report instruments on which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements as they apply to their personality
-responses are usually arranged on a "LIKERT SCALE", which attaches numbers to a descriptive response - 84Rational (face Valid) methoda method for developing questionnaire items that involves using reason or theory to come up with a question
*what it measures is clear and can be taken at face value - 85empirical methoda method for developing questionnaire items that focuses on including questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish
- 86Alzheimer's disease and personality change-a major degenerative brain disease whose hallmarks are severe dementia and memory loss. It eventually effects personality and ultimately leads to death.
- 87every BIG FIVE dimension of personality changes after the onset of Alzheimer's:-neuroticism increases
-extraversion increases in some and decreases in others
-openness decreases
-agreeableness sometimes decreases
-conscientiousness decreases - 88Parts of Neurosis according to Horneyhostility
anxiety
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- Psychology Fichas sobre CH. 13 FINAL, creado por Lindsey Reich el 15/12/2020.
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- Lindsey Reich
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