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Memory
Fichas del conjunto (30)
- 1Coding:Coding is the way information is changed so it can be stored in memory.
Baddeley (1966):
Immediate recall is worse with acoustically dissimilar words.
Recall after 20 minutes worse with semantically dissimilar words
- 2Capacity:Capacity is the measure of how much can be held in memory.
Jacobs (1887)
Digit Span: participants could repeat back 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters. - 3Capacity:Miller (1959)
Span on STM is 7±2 but can be improved with chunking
STM’s capacity is 7±2
LTM’s capacity is unlimited - 4Duration:Duration is the measure of how long memory lasts before it is no longer available.
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
Students recalled about 80% of the syllables correctly. Average recall after 18 seconds fell to 3% - 5Duration:Bahrick et al (1975)
Participants tested 48 years after graduation were 70% accurate in photo recognition
STM’s duration is 18-30 seconds
LTM’s duration is unlimited
- 6The Multi-Store ModelSensory Register
Stimulus from the environment passes into SR along with other sights and sounds.
Coding: depends on the sense (e.g. visual)
Capacity: High (over one hundred million cells in one eye alone)
Duration: Very brief (less that 1 second) - 7The Multi-Store ModelShort Term Memory
STM is a limited capacity and duration store.
Coding: Acoustic
Capacity: Between 5 and 9 items
Duration: 18-30 seconds - 8The Multi-Store ModelLong Term Memory
A permanent memory store.
Coding: Semantic
Capacity: Potentially unlimited
Duration: Potentially up to a lifetime - 9The Multi-Store ModelAttention
Attention needs to be paid to the sensory information for it to pass into STM - 10The Multi-Store ModelMaintenance Rehearsal
We repeat material to ourselves. If we rehearse it long enough it passes into Long Term Memory. - 11The Multi-Store ModelRetrieval
In order to recall information we have to retrieve it from long term memory back to short term memory in order to say it. - 12Types of long term MemoryEpisodic Memory
Stores episodes from our life.
They are time-stamped.
You have to make a conscious effort to recall them. - 13Types of long term MemorySemantic Memory
Stores our knowledge of the world. These memories are less personal. - 14Types of long term MemoryProcedural Memory
Stores memories for actions and skills. Recall occurs without awareness or effort. - 15The Working Memory ModelCentral Executive:
Monitors incoming data and allocates slave systems to tasks.
Coding: Flexible
Capacity: Very Limited - 16The Working Memory ModelVisuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Stores visual and spatial information when required. Logie subdivided in into:
Visual Cache: Stores visual data
Inner Scribe: Records arrangement of objects in visual field
Coding: Visual and Spatial
Capacity: 3-4 objects - 17The Working Memory ModelEpisodic Buffer:
It’s a temporary store for information. Integrates visual, spatial and verbal information from other stores. It maintains sense of time sequencing so records events that are happening
Coding: Flexible
Capacity: 4 ‘chunks’ - 18The Working Memory ModelPhonological Loop
Deals with auditory information and preserves the order in which the information arrives. It is subdivided into:
Phonological Store: stores the words you hear
Articulatory Process: allows maintenance rehearsal (repeating sounds to keep them in WMM)
Coding: Acoustic
Capacity: 2 seconds - 19Retrieval FailureWhen information is initially placed in memory, associated cues are stored at the same time. If these are not available at the time of recall, you may not be able to access memories that are actually there.
- 20Retrieval FailureState-Dependent Forgetting
When memory retrieval is dependent on an internal cue, state of mind - 21Retrieval FailureContext-Dependent Forgetting
When memory retrieval is dependent on an external/environmental cue. - 22EWT: Misleading InformationLeading Questions:
Response-Bias Explanation: Wording of a question has no enduring effect on an eyewitness’s memory of an event, but influences the kind of answer given - 23EWT: Misleading InformationSubstitution Explanation: Wording of a question does affect eyewitness memory; it interferes with its original memory, distorting its accuracy.
- 24EWT: Misleading InformationPost-Event Discussion
Memory Contamination: When co-witnesses discuss a crime, the mix (mis)information from other witnesses with their own memories.
Memory Conformity: Witnesses go along with each other to win social approval or because they believe the other witnesses are right. - 25EWT: AnxietyJohnson and Scott (1976)
49% of participants in the low-anxiety condition were able to identify the man in the line up. High anxiety condition participants was 33% - 26EWT: AnxietyAnxiety had a Positive Effect
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Witnesses were very accurate and there was little change after 5 months. - 27EWT: Cognitive InterviewReport Everything
Witnesses are encourages to include every detail of an event, even if it seems irrelevant or the witness is not confident about it.
Seemingly trivial details could be important and may trigger other memories. - 28EWT: Cognitive InterviewChange Perspective
Witnesses recall the incident from other people’s perspectives. How would it have appeared to another witness or the perpetrator?
This prevents the influence of expectations and schema on recall. - 29EWT: Cognitive InterviewReverse the Order
Events are recalled in a different chronological order. This prevents people using their expectations of how the event must have happened rather than the actual events. - 30EWT: Cognitive InterviewReinstate the Context
The witness returns to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’ and imagines the environment and their emotions.
This is based on the concept of context-dependent forgetting. Cues from the context may trigger recall.
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- Fichas sobre Memory, creado por Jasmina Marney el 01/11/2021.
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- Jasmina Marney
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