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Chapter 3 - Cells, Aging, and the Immune System
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- 1cell membraneserves as a barrier allowing very few molecules to enter cell
- 2nucleus"matermind", allows mRNA to pass through, codes mRNA with DNA for protein synthesis
- 3mitochondriaenergy producers for protein synthesis
- 4endoplasmic reticulum (ER)smooth ER synthesizes fatty acids and membrane, metabolizes carbs, detox drugs and poisons, stores calcuim ions
rough ER helps synthesize proteins with ribosomes and are used to construct the membranes of other organelles - 5golgi apparatusflattened membrane sacs that modify, store, and route products of ER
- 6lysosomesactive in intracellular digestion, recycling cellular organic material, and programmed cell destruction
- 7perioxisomescontains enzymes that catalyze hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, not fully understood
- 8vacuolesvarious membranous sacs that store and excrete substances within cytoplasm
- 9telemereHoward Cooke observed the increasing shortening of these every time cells divide, hypothesizing that they trigger aging
- 10senescenseold age
- 11luekocyteswhite blood cell
- 12eosinophil neutrophil basophil phagocytes lymphocytestypes of leukocyte/white blood cell
- 13Natural Nonspecific Immune Responseskin, mucus lining, sweat, sneezing, coughing, tears, gastric juice, semen, nasal secretions, and saliva
- 14friendly bacteriabacteria that naturally inhibit various parts of the body and suppress pathogenic growth, like Candida albicans (yeast infection)
- 15acute inflammatory responseblood vessels constrict, then dilate to increase blood flow to area, permeability of the blood vessels increase to allow in more fluid and plasma protein, blood becomes thicker, leukocytes form barrier over lining of venules, then move to injury, then destroy foreign particles
- 16diapedesisemigration of leukocytes
- 17chemotaxismovement of organism or cells to a chemical attractant
- 18mediatorschemicals that lure leukocytes to injury
- 19histamine, bradykinin, complement, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lysosomal enxymes, oxygen metabolites, platelet activating factor, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factortypes of mediators
- 20interferonnon-specific defense protein to protect body against virus and some forms of cancer
- 21Free Radical Theory of Agingaccumulated damage by oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to stop functioning
- 22stem cell researchcells used to regenerate healthy versions of damaged cells; can potentially treat many diseases; relatively young in exploration
- 23symptoms of inflammationswelling, temperature increase, tenderness, pain
- 24inflammatory exudatesfluid that dilutes poisonous substances; more serious injuries require more concentrated fluid like pus (purulent)
- 25resolutionwhen the injury is mild and the site returns to normal following inflammation; bad injuries will not resolve but can still heal; worse injuries may endure chronic inflammation
- 26humoral immunityduring this process, B-cells produce antibodies that attack pathogens outside of the cell
- 27cell mediated immunityduring this process, T-cells produce lymphokines which attack pathogens within the cell
- 28Helper T-cellsaid anti-body production by B-cells
- 29Suppressor T-cellssuppress production of antibodies to keep immune system in control
- 30Killer T-cellsactively destroy foreign cells and reject tissue transplant
- 31combined immune responseB-cells and T-cells attack foreign invaders by immobilizing them through clumping and destroying enemy membrane
- 32acquired active natural immunitywhen the body is exposed to an illness and develops antibodies for it
- 33active artificial immunityoccurs through vaccination with a form of disease microrganism
- 34passive natural immunitytransfer of antibodies from mother to baby through placenta or breast feeding
- 35passive artificial immunityacquired through inoculation with antibodies (think: rabies or tetanus shots)
- 36Hypersensitivityinappropriate response of immune system to harmless substances
- 37autoimmunitysystem of immune responses against own cells and tissue
- 38allergic rhinitisinherited allergies where histamine is released in response to allergen to cause sneezing, watery eyes, itchy nose, etc., treated by antihistimine
- 39Uriticaria and Angioedemaskin condition called "hives" that results in itchy welts, caused by reaction to food, insect sting or drug, treated with antihistamines or lotions
- 40Asthmahereditary (probably) spasms of bronchial tubes, caused extrinsic factors like allergens or intrinsic factors like emotional stress or high temperature,
- 41Rheumatoid Arthritischronic systemic inflammatory disease that attacks joints, muscles, tendons, etc., no effective treatment
- 42Lupus Erythematosusinflammation of connective tissue that can progress from mild to systematic, caused by physical or mental stress, certain infections, and pregnancy, treatment for mild cases is unnecessary but systematic treated by corticosteroids
- 43What does a B-cell do when activated?Starts producing antibodies (molecules)
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- Descripción
- Flashcards about the immune system
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- katrina.willis
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