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A-LEVEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE : Key Theorists
Fichas del conjunto (21)
- 1Speech Act TheoryAustin and Searle
Language is CONSTATIVE (gives info), ILLOCUTIONARY (performs a function) and PERLOCUTIONARY (affects listener). FELICITY CONDITIONS are correct AUTHORITY, PERFORMANCE and ATTITUDE - 2LabovThere is a prestige linked to accents. Lower class people are more aware of this and therefore converge more often
- 3Accommodation TheoryGiles
Speech is adjusted, either by CONVERGENCE, to become more like the audience, or DIVERGENCE, to become more different to the audience - 4BernsteinELABORATED CODE is more descriptive than RESTRICTED CODE and therefore is more frequently used by higher classes although most people use a mixture of both
- 5StanleyMale promiscuity is not so frowned upon. There are over 200 insults for women related to promiscuity with only 20 for men
- 6Politeness TheoryLakoff
There are 3 maxims:
1. Don't impose
2. Give options
3. Make the listener feel good - 7Frame TheoryGoffman, Minsky and Gumperz
As we converse, we pick up frames such as tone of voice, body language etc from which we conclude the situation and structure in order to respond appropriately - 8Deficit ApproachLakoff
Women's language is less assertive and demonstrates their weak state in society:
lexical field of domesticity, precise descriptions, frequent tag questions, weaker expletives, empty adjectives, euphemisms etc - 9Dominance ApproachZimmerman and West
Men's language is used to assert their dominance and they will interrupt more in mixed-sex talk - 10Grice's MaximsThe maxims of RELVANCE, QUALITY, QUANTITY and MANNER must be kept to keep conversation healthy and flowing. Sometimes IMPLICATURE is needed to read between the lines if it appears that the speaker has apparently flouted a maxim
- 11Exchange Structure TheoryCoulthard, Sinclair and Brazil
2-PART STRUCTURE:
question / answer, inform / acknowledge, complaint / excuse etc
3-PART STRUCTURE:
Initiation / Response / Feedback (IRF) - 12Narrative StructureLabov
Spoken narration follows a distinct structure to hold the listener's attention:
EXPOSITION, RISING ACTION, CLIMAX, CLOSURE - 13PetytNon-standard features of language are more common in the lower classes
- 14MilrovRelationships rather than class influence language choices
On social media:
CLOSED GROUP - everyone knows eachother
OPEN GROUP - some people don't know eachother so language may be more restricted - 15SpenderObjects also have a gender e.g. cars and boats
We unconsciously view the world from male perspective where 'female' objects increase status and are under the control of men - 16Face NeedsGoffman
POSITIVE FACE NEEDS: show liking and approval e.g. greetings, compliments, terms of address
NEGATIVE FACE NEEDS: soften unpleasant requests/orders using hedges to make receiver feel less threatened and more comfortable - 17CheshireVariation in dialect is a conscious choice influenced by social attitude, a more determining factor than gender
- 18TrudgillNon-standard features of language are more common in the lower classes
Women are more conscious of language than men and tend to use more prestigious pronunciations - 19Difference ApproachCoates, Kuiper and Pilkington
Women's language contains lots of politeness features and is collaborative, supportive and cooperative.
Men use more insults and ignore face needs in same-sex talk - 20Counter- Deficit ApproachHolmes
Tag questions are not weak. Rather, they are a method of maintaining fluency and a form of politeness - 21Schema TheoryTannen
We have a repertoire of schemas or frames, of which we have assumptions and expectations. Miscommunication occurs when these conflict with our expectations
Case study involved Doctor, Mother, Child and Observing Doctor
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- Descripción
- *THIS IS A WORK-IN-PROGESS* If a theory is named, guess the theorist and explain the theory. If a theorist is named, guess the theory and explain it. Sometimes there are examples, so try to come up with some too. Often theorists came up with more than one theory.
- Creado por
- Eleanor H · dic 2015
- Actualizado
- 27 jun 2019
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