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Attachment studies
Fichas del conjunto (22)
- 1HarlowAim: To test cupboard love theory
Procedure: Separated monkeys from mother at birth. 2 conditions, one where a wire monkey mother dispensed food and one where a cloth monkey mother dispensed food. Monkeys placed in a cage with both and behaviour recorded.
Findings: The monkeys attached to the cloth monkey mother regardless which was dispensing food. The monkeys ran the the cloth monkey when scared also.
Conclusion: The cupboard love theory is incorrect since non of the monkeys attached to the wire monkey mother who dispensed food. - 2LorenzAim: To test the imprinting theory
Proedure: A group of geese eggs split in half, half were hatched with their mother and half were hatched in an incubator so lorenz was the first thing they saw.
Findings: The geese followed whoever they saw at birth first. Even when mixed up in a group they separated out to find lorenz or the goose.
Conclusion: This supports Imprinting theory since the geese attached to the first thing they saw. - 3Meltoff and MooreAim: To test for Interactional Synchrony
Procedure: Infants as young as 2 weeks old were displayed one of three facial expressions and gestures from an adult and filmed their response.
Results: The infants copies the facial expressions and gestures presented to them almost identically.
Conclusion: This proves that infant-caregiver attachment does include interactional synchrony where they mirror each others actions. - 4Schaffer and EmersonAim: To Identify the stages involved in the development of attachment and the ages that they occur.
Procedure: 60 Scottish babies where observed in their home for a year and 18 months. Observing the relationship, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
Results: They concluded that there are 4 stages of attachment and each child goes through them at different ages. 50% showed separation anxiety between 25-32 weeks. They attached to the person who gave them the most interaction not the person they spent the most time with.
Conclusion: We can form multiple attachments in infancy, and attach to those who interact. - 5Brazleton et alAim: Proving the existitance of interactional synchrony and to test social releasers.
Procedure: Observed mothers and babies during their interactions. Then conducted an experiment where primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies signals (social releasers).
Findings: Interactional synchorny was obserevd and during the experiment babies showed some distress but after prolonged period of being ignored they responded by curling up and lying motionless.
Conclusion: Since the babies acted so strongly to the lack of attention to the social releasers it suggest bowlybys theory could be true. - 6bailey et alAim: To test the existince and influence of the internal working model.
Procedure: Assesed 99 mothers with 1 year olds on the quality of their attachment with their own mothers using a standard interview process. Then observed these mothers with the babies to asses the attachment of them with their babies.
Findings: It was found that the mothers who reported poor attachment with their own mothers were observed to have poor attachment with their babies.
Conclusion: This proves the significance of the internal working model and its influence on future attacthments. - 7Secure attachment- Willing to explore but show secure-base behaviour and proximity seeking.
- Moderate separation anxiety
- Moderate stranger anxiety
- Require and accept comfort on reunion.
- 60-70% of British toddlers classified as securely attached. - 8Insecure-avoidant attachment- Explore freely and don't display proximity seeking or secure-base behaviour.
- Little stranger anxiety.
-Little separation anxiety.
- Do not require comfort on reunion.
- 20-25% of British toddlers classified as insecure-avoidant. - 9Insecure-resistant attachment- Explore less and show high levels of proximity seeking and secure-base behaviour.
- Huge stranger anxiety.
- Huge separation anxiety.
- Resist comfort on reunion.
- Around 3% of British toddlers are insecure-resistant. - 10Van IjzendoornAim: To look at proportions of attachment types in a range of countries and cultures.
Procedure: 32 studies in 8 countries tested using the strange situation and results were meta analysed
Findings: Wide variation between the proportions of attachment types in different studys. Secure= Most common in all counties but % varied from 75 (britain) to 50 (china). Insecure resitant= Least common in all countries but % varied from 3 (brtian) to 30 (israel). Insecure avoidant= observed most commonly in germany and least commonly in japan. In USA secure attachment was found at 46 and 90 vary across cultures.
Conclusion: Attachment type is different across cultures and countries due many factors. - 11Simonella et alAim: To check weather the proportions of attachment types still matched that found in previous studies.
Procedure: 76 one year old babies assessed using the strange situation.
Findings: 50% secure, 36% avoidant and the rest resistant.
Conclusion: This change is % may be due to increasing number of women working and using child care. - 12Jin et alAim: To compare attachment proportions of Korea with other countries.
Procedure: Used the strange situation to asses 87 children
Findings: Like all counties secure attachment was the most common, next being resistant and only 1 avoidant.
Conclusion:The results where similar to Japans in the Van Ijzendoorn study (Maybe due to similar child rearing styles?) - 13BowlbyAim: To test wether maternal deprivation causes criminality.
Procedure: 44 criminal teenagers and their mothers where interview of signs of maternal deprivation and affection-less psychopathy. A control group of Non criminal teenagers was also used to see how often maternal deprivation occurred in the group.
Findings: It was found that out of those who were found to have been maternally deprived a higher percentage where thieves and those found to be not deprived where a higher percentage of non thieves. However more thieves where not deprived than deprived.
Conclusion: It was concluded that deprivation in the critical period caused increased likelihood of crimial behaviour. - 14LewisReplicated the 44 thieves study and found that there was no link between maternal deprivation and criminal behaviour or trouble forming relationships in later life which suggest that other factors must affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation.
- 15Robertson and RobertsonConducted an experiment where two young children spent a couple days in hospital away from their mothers and filmed.
It was shown that Laura showed signs of distress (crying) then sitting in silence detached from reality. On reunion she accepts comfort from her mother.
It was shown that John cryed less but searched for comfort in the hospital from nurses which he didn't receive. On reuinion he rejects his mothers comfort and cries more when he arrives and hugs nurse.
These cases show that maternal deprivation for even a short period of time can cause emotional damage and have a serious effect on behavior. - 16Rutter's ERAAim: To test weather good care could make up for poor early care in institutons.
Procedure: Rutter and his colleagues followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted by British families and a group of 65 British orphans adopted around the same time as a control. Physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed as ages 4,6,11 and 15.
Findings: When they first arrived half the Romanian orphans showed signs of mental retardation and majority were undernourished.
Adopted before 6 months old = IQ 102
Adopted 6 months- 2 years old = IQ 86
Adopted after 2 years = IQ 77
Disinhibited attachment shown in orphans adopted after 6 months old.
Conclusion: This shows that good care can make up for poor early attachment if the child is under 6 months, but any later then signs of emotional and cognitive intellect reducing are present. - 17GoldfarbAim: To see if time spent in institutions effects the IQ of children.
Procedure: Followed 30 orphans up to age 12. Of these 12 children, 6 had been fostered by 4 months of age and the other 6 remained in the orphange. At 12 they assessed their IQ.
Findings:
IQ if adopted at 4months= 96
IQ if remained in orphanage= 68
Conclusion: Institutionalisation during and after the critical period can cause serious intellectual damage. - 18Myron Wilson & SmithAim: To test the effect of attachment on later relationships.
Procedure: Assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaire on 196 children from london all aged 7-11.
Findings:
Secure attachment= Unlikely to be involved in bullying.
Insecure avoidant= Most likely to be the victims.
Insecure resistant= Most likely to be the bullies.
Conclusion: Attachment type is pretty accurate at predicting later behaviour in childhood. - 19Hazan and ShaverAim: To study the association between attachment and adult relationships
Procedure: They analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in an american newspaper. The quiz consisted of three sections 1 analysed the respondents current or most important relationship section 2 analysed general love experiences and 3 measured attachment type.
Findings: 56% of respondents were identified as securely attached. 25% insecure avoidant and 19% insecure resistant.
Secure= Most likely to have good long lasting relationships.
Avoidant= Showed jealousy and fear of intimacy.
Conclusion: Patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in romantic relationships. - 20McCarthyStudied attachment in both romantic relationships and friendships. Studied 40 adult women who had been assessed as infants to determine attachment type. Securely attached= Best adult relationships and romantic relationships
Insecure resistant= problems maintaining relationships.
Insecure avoidant= Struggled with intimacy. - 21ZimmermanAssessed infant attachment and adolescent attachment to parents. Little relationship between quality of infant and adolescent attachment.
- 22KaganKaran suggested that attachment type is more related to temperament than to the relationship with the primary attachment figure. Therefore the strange situation is not measuring attachment but anxiety.
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- AS - Level (Attatchment) Psychology Fichas sobre Attachment studies, creado por cmjones7599 el 10/04/2016.
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- cmjones7599
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