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Aggression Flashcards
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- 1Social learning theory AO1Observe role model, vicarious reinforcement, mental reinstatement, imitate
Bobo dolls:
children aged 3-5
1/2 observed aggressive model
the children were frustrated by being showed toys they weren't allowed to play with
room with bobo doll
aggressive to doll - 2Social learning theory AO2Ethics-making children aggressive
Noble-"look mummy theres the doll i have to hit"
Repeated study with rewards-all children aggressive
Phillips-homicide increased a week after a boxing match
Culture-KingSan! no violence - 3Deindividuation AO1A process whereby people lose their sense of individuality and become part of a crowd
(gustav le bon)Anonymity-difficult to identify an individual
Suggestibility-members gather to express qualities
Contagion-members stimulate and respond to one another
(Zimbardo) Groups of female undergrads gave electric shocks
half anonymous
half wore name tags
twice as long for anonymous - 4Deindividuation AO2(Mullen) - 60 lynchings
more in mob= more savage
Baiting crowd-10/21 suicides there was a crowd baiting to jump
Gender bias- disinhibition of aggression in males
Meta-analysis - insufficient support
Postmes and Spears found no disinhibition in large groups
(Zimbardo) FEMALE UNDERGRADS- low validity - not representative - more complex - 5Institutional aggression AO1 The importation modelbring in social traits
thief subculture - dont betray
convict subculture - raised inside
straight subculture - one time offenders
Huff - street gang members are 10x more likely to kill
members of gangs offended at higher levels - 6Institutional aggression AO1 the deprivation modelOppressive conditions cause aggression
hot, overcrowding
pains of imprisonment:
Loss of liberty - rejected from society
Loss of autonomy - no power in prison
Loss of goods- live in near poverty
Loss of security - violent prisoners - 7Institutional aggression AO1 Genocide1. difficult social conditions
2. scapegoating of minority groups
3. Dehumanisation of the minority
4. moral values are now inapplicable
5. passivity of bystanders
no moral inhibition if victims are dehumanised - 8Institutional aggression AO2 The importation modelHarer and Steffenmeiser - 58 US prisons
- black inmates had higher rates of violence and lower rates of drug/alcohol misconduct
Delisi- challenges the claims that gang members are more violent
-found no difference
-could be because gang members are isolated - 9Institutional aggression AO2 the deprivation modelMcCorkle - overcrowding and lack of privacy influence peer violence
- inconsistent research
Jiang and Fisher - Deprivation explains staff violence, importation explains peer violence
HMP woodhill- 2 units with music, reduced temperatures, lots of space
- eradicated staff assaults
-"we can't give the worst people the best things" - 10Institutional aggression AO2 GenocideDoing nothing signals consent
intervention doesn't necessarily end aggression
effects depend on duration and severity of violence - 11Hormonal and Neural AO1Seratonin - low=high aggression
-meta-analysis of 29 studies
-low in those who attempted suicide
no change in dopamine
Dopamine- high=high aggression
dopamine is a positive reinforcer
Testosterone - high in violent criminals
Dabbs et al - salivary testosterone
Cortisol - high=low aggression
increased anxiety and social withdrawal
low in violent offenders - 12Neural and hormonal AO2Vervet monkeys - tryptophan diet = increased serotonin = decreased aggression
Monkeys - more complex in humans
SSRI's
link between aggression and dopamine is unclear
cause and effect
Small sample sizes and self report may lead to inconsistent results
aggression or dominance - status seeking behaviour
reductionist - 13genetics AO1Twin studies - MZ/DZ
50% variance could be due to genetics
Adoption - link between adoptive and biological or adoptive parents
MAOA - protein that regulates the metabolism of seratonin
Dutch family - violent males = gene defect
XYY - Y=aggression
3% inmates
0.1% population - 14Genetics AO2Nature/nurture
-genes can interact with the environment
14000 adoptions - child and bio parent convicted
Reductionist
Caspi - low MAOA more likely to be antisocial but only if they were mistreated as children
Methodological issues - self report/observation produce different results
hard to distinguish between violent and non violent crime
which crimes are one off and which are habitual - 15Evolutionary explanations AO1Daly and Wilson - strategies to avoid adultery
Cuckholdry - woman getting pregnant by another man
avoids the investment of children not his own
sexual jealousy prevents infidelity
Mate retention - Buss
Reduce autonomy or make violent threats
Those perceived to be threatening infidelity are most at risk of violence
sexual jealousy accounts for 17% of murder cases in the UK
Sexual coercion (partner rape) - victims are more likely to have reported having an affair
violence to a pregnant partner - terminates
Wife killing -unintended outcome of and evolutionary adaption designed for control - 16Evolutionary explanations AO2Shackleford - supports - 461 men, 560 womem - direct guarding is positively correlated with violence scores
survey (social desirability)
RWA - alert friends and family to danger signs
Physiological support - takahashi
- greater amygdala activity when presented with infidelity scenes
Camilleri - infidelity predicts coercion in mates not females - males are the ones at risk of cuckholdry - 17Group display AO1xenophobia - fear of strangers
favours natural selection as it avoids attack
Territoriality - Protective response to an invasion e.g. war chants - allows groups to defend resources
Testosterone - increased in footballers if playing at home - defend home territory
Warfare - adaptive benefits for individual
Sexual selection - those who do well in battle are rewarded
male warriors have more partners and offspring
Status - aggressive = respected = increased reproductive success
Scars - represent commitment and minimise defecting - 18Group display AO2Foldesi - a racist conduct of extremist groups in hungarian football crowds increased spectator violence
culture bias
RWA - football unites racism divides
Lewis - support from crowds contributes to home advantage
difficult to pinpoint how support has an effect
psych up home team or distract away team
Palmer and Tilly- male street gang members have more sexual partners
gender bias - women warriors unheard of
understanding limited to males
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- A level Psychology Fichas sobre Aggression Flashcards, creado por u29smithc el 06/06/2016.
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