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Exam 2 Review

Joe Manuel Martinez Psychology Inglés 70 fichas

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  1. 1the ability to store and retrieve information over time• Memory
  2. 2• Three key functions of memory:o Encoding- the process of transforming what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory
    o Storage- the process of maintaining information in memory over time
    Retrieval- the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
  3. 3• Three types of encoding processeso Semantic encoding- mixture of new and old information
    o Visual imagery encoding-the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
    ♣ Mostly improves memory
    o Organizational encoding- the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
  4. 4o The process of categorizing information according to the relationship among series of items• Organizational Encoding
  5. 5o The process of categorizing information according to the relationship among series of items• Survival Encoding
  6. 6o Draws elements of categorizing encoding, visual imagery and semanatic• Survival Encoding
  7. 7• Three major kinds of memory storage:o Sensory
    o Short-term
    o Long-Term
  8. 8o Is a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less o Tones help encode information• Sensory Memory
  9. 9o Which holds memory for a few seconds or less than minute• Short-Term Memory
  10. 10♣ is the process of keeping information in short-term by mentally repeating it.o Rehearsal
  11. 11♣ Involves combinating small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are easily held in short-term memoryo Chunking
  12. 12♣ active maintenance of informationo Working Memory
  13. 13o holds information for hours, days, weeks or years• Long-Term Memory
  14. 14o the inability to transfer new information from short-term into long-term store• Anteorgate Amensia
  15. 15o The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually a date of an injury or surgery• Retrograde Amensia
  16. 16o The process by which memories become stable in the brain• Consolidation
  17. 17o The process that causes memories to become more vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled o Disrupting reconsolidation can eliminate conditioned fear memory in a part of the brain cell called: Amygdala• Reconsolidation
  18. 18o A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier• Long-Term potentiation
  19. 19o Is the tendency for information to be better recalled when person is the same state during encoding and retrieval.• State-dependent retrieval
  20. 20o Is the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situation match.• Transfer-appropriate processing
  21. 21o Improve subsequent memory o Impair subsequent memory o Change subsequent memory• Retrieval
  22. 22o Occurs when people consciously or internationally retrieve past experiences• Explicit Memory
  23. 23o Occurs when past experiences influences later behavior and performance o Recalled by our actions• Implicit Memory
  24. 24o The gradual acquisition of skills as result of practice or “knowing” how to do things• Procedural Memory
  25. 25o Refers to an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a words or object, as result to recent exposure to the stimulus• Priming
  26. 26o Is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world• Semantic Memory
  27. 27o Is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place• Episodic Memory
  28. 28o Which are detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events• Flashbulb Memories
  29. 29o Involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or response from experience that results in relatively permanent charge in the state of the learner.• Learning
  30. 30o A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding• Habituation
  31. 31o Which occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus• Sensitization
  32. 32o A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response• Classical Conditioning
  33. 33o Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism o Food• Unconditioned stimulus
  34. 34o A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulusUnconditioned response
  35. 35o A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with US• Conditioned stimulus
  36. 36A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus• Conditioned response
  37. 37o The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together• Acquisition
  38. 38o Conditioning in which a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with US in an earlier procedure.• Second-order conditioning
  39. 39o The gradual elimination of learned response that occurs when CS is repeatabley presented without US• Extinction
  40. 40o The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period• Spontaneous Recovery
  41. 41o CR is observed even though CS is slightly different form the CS during acquisition o The more the new stimulus changes, the less conditioned responding is observed• Generalization
  42. 42o Is a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. o The study of operant conditioning is the exploration of behaviors that are active• Operant Conditioning
  43. 43o Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment• Operant behavior
  44. 44o Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it• Reinforcer
  45. 45o Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led it• Punisher
  46. 46o An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that appropriate response is made• Fixed-interval schedule (FI)
  47. 47o An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on average time that has expired since the last reinforcement• Variable-interval schedule (VI)
  48. 48o An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made• Fixed-ratio schedule
  49. 49o An operant conditioning principle in which they delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of response• Variable-ratio schedule
  50. 50o An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement• Intermittent reinforcement
  51. 51o Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior• Shaping
  52. 52o Something that is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future• Latent learning
  53. 53o A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others• Observational learning
  54. 54o Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition• Implicit learning
  55. 55o A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity• Emotion
  56. 56o The theory that stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience o Emotional experience is the consequence- not the cause- of our physiological reactions to objects and events in the world• James-Lange Theory
  57. 57o The theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain• Canon-Based Theory
  58. 58o The theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal• Two-Factor Theory
  59. 59o An evaluation of the emotion relevant aspect of a stimulus• Appraisal
  60. 60o The strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience• Emotional Regulation
  61. 61o Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus• Reappraisal
  62. 62o An observable sign of an emotional state• Emotional expression
  63. 63o Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone• Universality Hypothesis
  64. 64o Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify• The Facial Feedback Hypothesis
  65. 65o A norm for the appropriate expressions of emotion• Display Rule
  66. 66o The purpose for a psychological cause of an action• Motivation
  67. 67o Two kinds of motivation♣ Biological
    ♣ Psychological
  68. 68o towards food and sex• Biological motivation
  69. 69o Is motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding• Intrinsic Motivation
  70. 70o A motivation to take actions that lead to reward• Extrinsic Motivation

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Psychology Fichas sobre Exam 2 Review, creado por Joe Manuel Martinez el 08/03/2017.
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