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Explanations for forgetting: Retrieval failure
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- 1What is retrieval failure?It's a form of forgetting which occurs when we don't have the cues necessary to access a memory
The memory is still there but we just need a certain cue to find it - 2What is a 'cue'?A 'trigger' of information that allows us to access a memory
- 3What is the encoding specificity principle?If a cue can help us remember, it has to be present at the time of coding AND retrieval
If cues are absent, there will be some forgetting
Some cues are meaningful e.g. 'STM' makes you think about the coding, capacity and duration etc
Other cues may have been present at the time of learning
Cues can be external/context-dependent forgetting (environment)
OR
internal/state- dependent forgetting (mood or drunkenness) - 4Who researched into context dependent forgetting?Godden and Baddeley
- 5What did they do and what did they find?- Divers learned a list of words either underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the lists on either land or underwater - 4 conditions
- They found that in the 2 conditions where the contexts were different there was 40% lower accurate recall - 6Who researched into State-dependent forgetting?Carter and Cassaday
- 7What did they do and what did they find?- They gave anti-histamine drugs to participants (mild sedative effect). They gave them a list of words remember either on the drug or off it, and then recalled on or off the drug
- They found that the performance was worse when the internal states were different - 8Evaluation Supporting research?Strength
Wide range of support
Eysenck claims retrieval failure is the MOST important reason for forgetting in LTM - 9Evaluation Questioning context effectsIf the contexts are similar then it's easier to remember e.g. 2 different classrooms, so the environments have to be completely to different to show that there is an effect on recall e.g. underwater and on land
- 10Evaluation Recall versus recognitionLimitation
This context effect may be related to the kind of memory tested
G and B did another study asking if they recognized the words instead of getting them to retrieve it
There was NO effect in this study - all 4 conditions showed the same
This means the presence and absence of cues only affects memory when tested in a certain way - 11Evaluation Real life applicationStrengths
Context related cues may not have a huge effect on forgetting, however, it's still useful to look at
The idea that you may go downstairs to do something and forget the second you get down, only to go back up which triggers what you were going to do <- this is the basis for cognitive interview and maybe if the eyewitness went back to the crime scene or imagined being there then they could remember more
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- A-Level (Memory) Psychology Year 1 Fichas sobre Explanations for forgetting: Retrieval failure, creado por Mollie Thompson el 21/05/2017.
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- Mollie Thompson
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