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CORRELATIONS!
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- 1Correlations involve measuring 2 variables and finding a relationship between them.(Refers to a measure of how strongly 2 or more variables are related to each other) -REMEMBER THERE IS NO CAUSE AND EFFECT SO ANYTHING IN CORRELATIONS MEANS ONE THING VARIES IN ACCORDANCE TO ANOTHER. (ASSOCIATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION!)Correlations allow us to analyse naturally occurring events that can't be set up experimentally.
-CORRELATIONS ARE A WAY OF ANALYSING DATA! - 2CORRELATIONS ARE SHOWN ON SCATTER GRAPHS BY PLOTTING DOTS TO REPRESENT EACH PAIR OF SCORES. THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF CORRELATION- 1)POSITIVE- as one variable increases so does the other. 2)NEGATIVE-as one variable decreases so does the other 3)NO CORRELATION-where there is no relationship between variables
- 3To perform a correlational study the measurements must be quantitative data! There different techniques to collect data ie- *Self-report-interviews and questionaires(makes ordinal data that can be converted) *Observations-**intelligence tests**, reaction time, {galvanic skin response tests}(makes **ordinal** and {interval data})HYPOTHESIS-
A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts what the study will find. MUST INCLUDE references to both variables which are fully operationalised! - 4HYPOTHESIS CONT- *CORRELATIONAL HYPOTHESIS-there will be a significant relationship/ correlation between 2 variables. *NULL HYPOTHESIS-there will be no significant relationship/correlation between the variables.(ANY RELATIONSHIP FOUND IS DUE TO CHNACE)*TIPS!*
-1 TAILED= SHOWS US A DIRECTION ie positive or negative.
-2TAILED=NO DIRECTION. - 5CORRELATION CO-EFFICIENT AND STATS TESTS- -A correlation co-efficient tells us about the strength of the relationship between the 2 variables. -CCO refers to a number between -1(negative)and +1(positive) and tells us how strong a correlation is between the variables and the direction (+/-/none).SOMETIMES CORRELATIONS ARE THE ONLY ETHICAL WAY OF CARRYING OUT AN INVESTIGATION!
- 6SPEARMAN'S RHO- The stats test that has to be used to calculate a co-efficient and assess the strength of the relationship between 2 variables.To do a spearman's rho:
-make a correlational hypothesis and a null hypothesis.
-make a results table of the variables
-plot the results - 7SPEARMAN'S RHO CONT- *FORMULA*NEXT:
-calculate the sum of the differences squared {Σd²}(take the 2 results away from each other and square the ans.)
-do the rest of the formula so:
n-no of ps
-rs-1-(6xΣd²)/n(n²-1)
RS HAS TO BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE CRITICAL VALUE!!!!
- 8STRENGTHS OF CORRELATIONS :) -CAN IDENTIFY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES WITHOUT MANIPULATING BEHAVIOUR. -CORRELATIONS ARE OFTEN USED TO SUGGEST FURTHER RESEARCH TO DETERMINE A CAUSE AND EFFECT ∴ IT MAY CREATE FUTURE HYPOTHESIS FOR FUTURE EXP. -SHOWS CLEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES.WEAKNESSES OF CORRELATIONS:(
-CAN'T DETERMINE A CAUSE AND EFFECT
-OTHER VARIABLES MAY HAVE CAUSED A LINK BETWEEN THE CO VARIABLES BEING MEASURED ∴ CORRELATIONS MAY LACK VALIDITY!
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- A level Psychology Fichas sobre CORRELATIONS!, creado por khairun-Nisa Zameer el 03/11/2017.
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- khairun-Nisa Zameer
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