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Ancient Mesopotamia Egypt

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1MesopotamiaMeans "land between the rivers";where the 1st civilizations began;present day Iraq & Syria
2Fertile CrescentThe region in the Middle East which curves,like a quarter-moon shape;known as the Cradle of Civilization
3PolyBelief in MANY gods; Ancient Sumerians believed in over 3,000 gods
4ZigguratThe massive platform that the Sumerians built their temples on
5TheocracyMeans "rule by god"; describes a govt. where the ruler is thought to be a God
Ex. Ancient Egypt
6Cuneiform1st writing system developed by the Sumerians;"wedge-shape writing"
7Hammurabi's Law Code1st written laws; given to people of Ancient Babylon by King Hammurabi; very strict laws based on principle of an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth
8PartriarchalDescribes a society dominated by men
9Nile RiverThe longest river in the world; Egypt is often called "the gifts of the Nile River";Egyptians depended on the Nile for everything
10InundationThe annual flooding of the Nile River.The flood river leave behind rich fertile mud.
11SiltRich black mud left behind from the flooding of the Nile River.
12King MenesKing who united Lower & Upper Egypt around 3100 BC.
13DynastyMeans "great house of"; a family of rulers.
14PharaohName for Egyptian King.
15"KA"Ancient Egyptians thought that when someone died the Ka, or the life force,left the physical body; The Ka could drink and eat, but was stuck in the tomb in the body of the mummy or the small statues that were left in the tomb.
16"BA"The Ba was the part of the soul that embarked on a journey to follow the gods;the symbol of the Ba is often shown as a bird with a human head and wings.
17MummificationIt was very important to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs that the human body was preserved. Their method of preserving the body was called mummification. The process lasted up to 70 days.
18Canopic JarsContainers used to hold the internal organs (lungs, stomach, intestines, liver) of the deceased that was going to be mummified; the jars had lids shaped as the heads of the 4 sons of Horus.
19SarcophagusA sarcophagus formed the outer layer of protection for a royal mummy, with several layers of coffins nested within, and was often carved out of alabaster.
20King KhufuEarned everlasting fame for being the pharaoh responsible for the Great Pyramid at Giza which he built to serve as his tomb.
21The Great PyramidLargest of the 3 pyramids at Giza;built by King Khufu; the only monument of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World to survive.
22King Khufu's BoatDiscovered in 1952 buried under the Great Pyramid; it would be needed to ferry King Khufu's spirit across the sky to be with Ra, the sun god.
23Great SphinxOne of the largest and oldest statues in the world. Archeologists believe that it was carved around 2500 BC and that the head is meant to be the likeness of the Pharaoh Khafra.
24HieroglyphicsEgyptian picture writing.
25The Rosetta StoneA stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).
26HyksosInvaded Egypt; and ruled for 200 years; introduced the horse drawn chariot.
27HatshepsutFirst great woman ruler in history ; she ruled Egypt as king not queen. Sculptures and masks show her with a false beard.
28AkhenatenRejected the traditional religion in favor of worshiping the Aten, or sun disc, after whom he renamed himself. He closed all the temples to the old gods and obliterated their names from monuments.
29King Tut17 year old boy pharaoh whose tomb survived untouched by grave robbers; more than 3,000 artifacts discovered in his tomb.
30Ramses IIRamses the Great reigned 67 years; fathered over 100 children; defeated the Hittites, the other superpower of ancient times; he declared himself a living god.
31PapyrusReed like plant that grows on the Nile River Ancient Egyptians used to write on.
32Cultural DiffusionThe spreading of ideas from one culture to another culture.