Multi-store model

Memory

Multi-store model = Atkinson and Shiffrin

Sensory memory

Long-term memory

Short-term memory

Encoding =

Haptic = touch

Olfactory = smell

Iconic = eye

Echoic = hear

Gustatory = Taste

Evidence 1 = Crowder

Different senses store for different amounts but usually 2-3 seconds

Sparklers stay for a few secs

Capacity = large, receives constant flow of info.

Sperling 1 = 3x4 grid of letters, asked participants to recall, could only recall 4 before the rest faded from their sensory memory

Sperling 2 = Added tones and trained participants to distinguish between the tones, flashed grid and then played tone, participants had to recall that line, on average they recalled 3/4 which shows info was in sensory memory

Duration = 2-3 seconds

Sperling 3 = delayed playing tone, 50% after 0.3secs, 33% after 1secs

Evolutionary support = we focus on info that has immediate survival value so don't remember not useful info

Encoding =

Mainly acoustically

Baddeley 1 =

Acoustically similar words like cat fat rat were easier to recall than semantically similar words such as beautiful, pretty, this shows participants were encoding mainly acoustically

Capacity = limited, 5-9 digits

Jacobs = serial digit span test, participants could only remember 5-9 digits

Miller = magic number = 7 + or - 2

Duration = limited, max. 30 seconds

Peterson and Peterson = Gave participants trigrams (like BVT) then gave them an interference task, then asked for recall, he delayed asking from 3-18 seconds, 90% after 3 secs, 5% after 18, so upper limit is 20 - 30

Coding = mainly semantically, coding is stronger so it is easier to remember

Baddeley 2 = Participants mixed up words with similar meanings but no similar sounds

Capacity = very large

Wagenaar = Diary with 2400 events over 6 years, tested himself on recall and found it was excellent

Huang = tried to remember his 560 past students and he was correct 80% of the time so capacity is large

Duration = long

Bahrick = looked at recall of students who studied spanish, found a rapid decline in the first 3 years but good recall after that

Schmidt et al = investigated incident material, looked at recall of childhood streets, lost a lot in the first few years but good recall after that

Further evaluation

Murdock = Two main memory stores STM and LTM and they are separate and distinct

Serial position effect = people remember words from the beginning and end of word lists = primary regency effect

Wiswede et al = used brain scans that showed that different parts of the brain were active during primary regency effect, shows us where STM and LTM are

HM = a severe epileptic, neurosurgeon took out hippocampus which reduced his seizures but left him with severe memory impairment, could not learn new things, only motor