Joints

Joints

1. types

   • Fibrous joints
     • No movements are permitted.
     • where?
       • Sutures of the skull
   • Cartilaginous joints
     • 1) Primary ( hyaline cartilage ):
       • No movement occur
       • where?
         • Epiphyseal cartilages
     • 2) Secondary ( fibrocartilage ):
       • Limited movement.
       • where?
         • Intervertabral disc
   • Synovial joints
     • According to the Shape of Articular Surfaces
       • plane
         • Acromio-clavicular J
       • hinge
         • Elbow & ankle Js
       • pivot
         • Atlanto-axial & radio-ulnar Js.
       • ellipsoid
         • Wrist J.
       • saddle
         • Carpometacarpal J. of the thumb
       • ball & socket
         • shoulder
           • anatomy
           • Joints of the Shoulder Region
           • Shoulder muscle
           • Movements of the shoulder
             • abduction
             • adduction
             • Extension
             • Flexion
             • Rotation.
               • internal
               • external
           • Swimmers shoulder
             • examples
               • rotator cuff impingement
                 • the space between the acromion and rotator cuff narrows
                 • Stages of impingement
                   • sub acute tendonitis
                     • Acute bursitis with sub acromial edema and hemorrhage
                   • chronic tendonitis
                     • partial thickness tear
                   • rotator cuff disruption
                     • full thickness tear
               • Biceps tendinitis
               • shoulder instability
             • Management
               • Heat modalities (thermotherapy)
               • Cold modalities (cryotherapy)
               • Electrical modalities
               • Rest
             • Treatment
               • Surgical treatment
                 • Arthroscopy
                   • The doctor guides the small instruments using a video monitor and removes bone and soft tissue
               • Electrotherapeutic modalities
                 • aim to reduce pain and improve function via an increase in energy (electrical, sound, light, or thermal) into the body.
               • Laser Acupuncture
                 • aim to reduce pain and improve function via an increase in energy (electrical, sound, light, or thermal) into the body.
             • Examination of Shoulder Injury
               • Medical History
                 • Chief symptoms
                 • How and when?
                 • What makes it worse/better
               • Physical Examination
                 • Look
                   • swelling, asymmetry, muscle atrophy, scars
                 • Inspection
                   • surface landmarks
                 • Movement
                   • ,put both shoulders through full range of motion actively and passively.
               • Tests
                 • Hawkin’s Test:
                   • Forward Flex shoulder to 90 degree , elbow @ 90 degree , then Internal rotation
                 • Neer’s Sign
                   • Arm in full flexion with arm fully pronated
             • sport injuries
               • Acute injuries
                 • Contact injuries
                   • bruise resulting from a direct blow to muscles, bone or organs
                 • Ligament Sprains
                   • Overstretching or tearing injury of a ligament
                 • Muscles Strains
                   • Overstretching or tearing of a muscle
                 • Dislocations
                   • moving a bone out of its normal joint position
               • Chronic injuries
                 • Stress fracture
                   • microscopic break in a bone
                 • Osteoarthritis
                 • Bursitis
                   • repeated pressure/ irritation (tendon against the bursa)
               • sports medicine
                 • sports medicine doctors are certified in internal medicine, emergency medicine, family medicine, or another specialty and then receive additional training.
                 • Professionals in
                   • Physical therapists
                   • Certified athletic trainers
                   • Nutritionists.
               • Psychological Consequences of Injury
                 • Identity confusion
                 • Feelings of helplessness
                 • They loss sense of independence
                 • Sense of alienation and isolation

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