Cells

Cells

1. A: Study of Structures of the body

   • HIERARCHY:
     • Chemical-Atom
       • Cellular
         • Tissue
           • Organs
             • Organ Systems
               • Organisms
                 • ANATOMICAL POSITION
                   • Standing up right, facing forward, arms slightly to the side, palsm forward
                     • REGIONAL TERMS
                       • PLANES OF SECTION
                         • Transverse/cross:
                           • Top to bottom/ Superior to Inferior
                             • Parasagittal:
                               • Left to right
                                 • Midsagital:
                                   • Right on the midline
                                     • Coronal:
                                       • Front to back/Anterior to Posterior
                                         • Oblique:
                                           • Any other cut
                                             • SEROUS MEMBRANE:
                                               • Protetcive membrane
                                                 • Visceral Layer: Directly on organ
                                                   • Parietal Layer: Forms the cavity
                                                     • Fluid filled for lubrecation
                                                       • Lung
                                                         • Pleura
                                                           • Abdominal/Pelvic
                                                             • Peritoneum
                                                               • Heart
                                                                 • Pericardial
                                                                   • ORGAN SYSTEMS
                                                                     • RESPIRATORY
                                                                       • CARDIOVASCULAR
                                                                         • NERVOUS
                                                                           • ENDOCRINE
                                                                             • REPRODUCTIVE
                                                                               • URINARY
                                                                                 • LYMPHATIC
                                                                                   • SKELETAL
                                                                                     • INTEGUMENTARY
                                                                                       • DIGESTIVE
                                                                                         • MUSCULAR
                                                                                           • Maintains movement and circulates blood
                                                                                             • HOMEOSTASIS
                                                                                               • Equalibrium in the bodys internal environment
                                                                                                 • Dynamic Stability
                                                                                                   • Fluxation in a narrow range of optimal values
                                                                                                     • How to Maintain Homeostasis Balance
                                                                                                       • Disturbance
                                                                                                         • Effector
                                                                                                           • Command Center
                                                                                                             • Receptor
                                                                                                         • Receptor
                                                                                                     • Negative Feedback
                                                                                                       • negative/cancel/reverse the disturbance - most common
                                                                                                         • Positive Feedback
                                                                                                           • Enhance the Disturbance ex- labor
                                                                                                             • Monosaccharides
                                                                                                               • Building blocks + Energy
                                                                                                                 • Disaccharides
                                                                                                                   • Formed by dehydration
                                                                                                                     • Polysaccharides
                                                                                                                       • Large # of glucose monomers
                                                                                                               • Phospholipids
                                                                                                                 • Makes up the cell membrane
                                                                                                                   • Has a polar head
                                                                                                                     • and a non polar tail made up of two fatty acids
                                                                                                                       • Peptide Bond
                                                                                                                         • 2 amino acids + Covelant Bond
                                                                                                                           • ORGANIZATION OF PROTEIN LEVELS
                                                                                                                             • PRIMARY STRUCTURE
                                                                                                                               • The sequence of amino acids
                                                                                                                                 • having the right amino acids are vital
                                                                                                                                   • Secondary Structre
                                                                                                                                     • small local changes in sequence of AA
                                                                                                                                       • Tertiary Structure
                                                                                                                                         • 3 dimensional shape of a sequence of amino acids
                                                                                                                                           • Quantenary Structure
                                                                                                                                             • 2 polypeptides come together to form 1 functional protein
                                                                                                                                             • Denaturation
                                                                                                                                               • Change in shape and function often caused by temp and Ph
                                                                                           • Enzymes
                                                                                             • Biological catalysts
                                                                                               • Lowers activation energy
                                                                                                 • Speeds up chemical reaction
                                                                                                   • highly sensitive to temp & Ph
                                                                                                     • Undergoes conformational change during reaction but reforms once done
                                                                                                       • DNA
                                                                                                         • Deoxyribonucleicacid
                                                                                                           • Storage of information- genes *in the nucleus
                                                                                                         • RNA
                                                                                                           • Ribonucleicacid
                                                                                                             • Temporary transportable copy of DNA
                                                                                                           • ATP
                                                                                                             • Adenosinetriphosphate
                                                                                                               • Energy molecule
                                                                                           • Somatic Cells
                                                                                             • Sex Cells
                                                                                               • Cells that makeup another body
                                                                                             • Cells that makeup your body
                                                                                         • Breakdown and Absorb, Stomach Mouth Intestines
                                                                                       • Protection and Temp Regulation, Skin Hair
                                                                                     • Movement and Structure
                                                                                   • Regulates fluid in the blood, Spleen Lymph nodes Bone marrow
                                                                                 • Filter waste from blood, Kidney
                                                                               • To produce off-spring, Ovaries Testies
                                                                             • Communication, Long-term, Hormones Pancreas Thyroid Adrenals
                                                                           • Communication, Fast short-term, Brain Spinal cord Nerves
                                                                         • Transportation and Circulation, Heart Veins Arteries Capalaries
                                                                       • Gas exchange , 02 + CO2, Lungs Nose Trachea Pharynx
   • Anatomy

2. P: Study of the functions of the body

   • Physiology

3. Stem Cells

   • Undifferentiates
     • Unipotent
       • Pluripotent
         • Omnipotent
           • Can become anything- found in embryo
         • Small range of cell type
       • Can only become one type of cell
     • Not specified - divided rapidly
   • Three Basic Components of a Cell
     • Nucleus
       • Plasma
         • Cytoplasm
           • Jelly like material that surrounds the nucleous
         • Phospholipid bylayer membrane
       • Contains+ protects genetic material

4. Nuclear Envelope

   • Bound/wall containing the nucleous w/ a 2 phospholipid bylayer
   • Nuclear Pore
     • Proteins
       • Cytosol
         • Inclusions
           • Centrisomes
             • Cillia
               • Microvilli
                 • Flagella
                   • Cytoskeleton
                     • Nucleolus
                       • Dark spots in the nucleous densley packed where protein synthesis is occuring
                     • forms the framework of cell, allows for movement
                   • long tail like projection -only found in sperm
                 • thin non-motile extensions- used for surface area & more diffusion
               • Short, Hairlike, moving projection - moves substances over surface
             • Dense area of cytoplasm
           • Specialized molecules for specific function of cell
         • Intercellular fluid
       • Assist in the folding of DNA
     • Spaces in the nuclear envelope that allow information to pass through