Memory

Memory

1. Multi-Store Model: a distinction between the separate store (linear/unitary stores)

   • Encoding: way in which information is stored
     • STM: acoustically (sound)/visually (sight)
     • LTM: semantically (meaning)
   • Capacity: how much can it hold
     • STM: 7 +/- 2 items (Miller)
     • LTM: unlimited
   • Sensory Memeory
     • STM
       • LTM
         • Retrieval
       • Elaborative Rehearsal
       • Maintenance Rehearsal
     • Incoming Sensory Stimuli
       • Attention
     • Coding
   • Duration: how long you can remember something for
     • LTM: lifetime
     • STM: 30 seconds (MSM)

2. Working Memory Model: passive store

   • Central Executive
     • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
       • Long Term Memory
       • visual (what things look like) and spacial (relationship between things) info is stored here {limited capacity}
     • Phonological loop
       • phonological store holds words heard/ articulatory control system holds words heard and silently repeats {limited capacity}
     • Episodic Buffer
       • {limited capacity}
     • limited capacity, directs attention to tasks and decides what the WMM pay attention to

3. Eye Witness Testimony: Misleading Information

   • Loftus & Palmer (1974) : the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leading verbs on eye witness accounts of a car crash.
     • Evaluation Points: low ecological and population validity; lab experiment so can infer cause and effect
   • Yuille & Cutshall (1986) : To study the effectiveness of eyewitness testimony using real eyewitnesses
     • Evaluation Point : high ecological validity as it was based on real life accounts

4. Eye Witness Testimony: Age of Witness

   • Memon et al (2003) : investigated the accuracy of identification for different aged ppts
     • Evaluation Point: low ecological
   • Anastasi & Rhodes (2006) : investigated the accuracy of identification
     • Evaluation Point: low ecological validity; individual differences

5. Improving Eye Witness Testimony: Cognitive Interview

   • Fisher et al (1989) : effectiveness of CI
   • Geiselman at al (1985) : effectiveness of CI
     • Evaluation Points : time consuming; change of perspective may not be accurate
   • Context Reinstatement; Report Everything; Recall from different perspective; Reverse Order

6. Eye Witness Testimony: Anxiety

   • Christianson & Hubinette (1993) : investigated anxiety by studying a real life robbery case
     • Evaluation Points: difficult to replicate; high ecological and temporal validity
   • Deffenbacher et al (2004) : analysed a number of studies that investigated the effect of anxiety on eyewitness recall (meta-analysis)
     • Evaluation Points: meta-analysis used may not be reliable as all the standard procedures were different: unreliable/bias (studies were selected)

7. Memory Improvement Stratergies

   • Mnemonics: artificial method which is used to enhance memory, involving a provided structure so that even random materials can be organised effectively (examples Acronym & Acoustics)
     • (Method of Loci) BOWER conducted an investigation on the effectiveness of Method of Loci, 78% recalled by ppt (MOL) & 28% recalled by ppt (no method)
     • Story Method: BOWER+CLARK investigated how story method aid recall 93% were remembered compared with 13%
   • Organisation: this is when you organise things into groups to aid memory recall, one method is to construct a mind map
     • SHUELL conducted an investigation on how categorising words aids recall, the findings showed that more words were remembered when they are organised into categories (DEESE {doesn't aid recall})