Memory

Memory

1. Sensory Memory

   • short duration
   • Retains unprocessed info from the senses
   • iconic=visual
   • echoic= auditory
   • passes info to the STM
   • Haber 1969
     • 5% of children have eidetic memory
     • hold memory for several mins and answer questions on them
     • iconic SM is long lasting

2. Short Term Memory

   • Temporary store
   • Limited capacity and duration
   • Jacobs
     • Gave participants long lists of numbers or letters.
     • Numbers =9
     • letters=7
     • 7+-2 items capacity
   • Baddeley
     • gave 75 participants 1 of 4 lists and asked them to put them in the correct order
     • List A= AS= 10%
     • STM= acoustic encode
   • duration
     • 30 secs
     • if not rehearsed
     • Peterson
       • Nonsense trigrams and count backwards in 3s from a large digit number
       • 90% recall after 3 secs 5% after 18 secs
       • STM durations=20-30 secs

3. Long term memory

   • Baddeley
     • same pro
     • 20 min interval+ another task
     • list c=SS=55%
     • LTM encodes semantically
   • Linton
     • Kept a diary over 6 years
     • recorded 5,500 events
     • recall was strong every month
   • duration
     • Bahrick
       • showed 400 participants aged 17-74 years a set of photos and names.
       • some were friends some were not
       • Those who left 15 years ago=90% name and faces
       • Those that left 48 years ago= 80% names, 70% faces.
       • faces are more long lasting

4. Serial position effect

   • Murdock
   • list of words to be recalled in any order
   • words at the beginning and end was remembered the most
   • words at beginning and end are constantly rehearsed.

5. Central executive

   • Eslinger and Damasio
     • removal of a brain tumour
     • still perform reasoning
     • could not perform decision making
     • more than one component to the CE
   • Filter that selectively attends info
   • processes info and directs it to the slave system for a response
   • limited capacity and can only cope with one piece of info at a time
   • switch of attention between inputs of info.

6. Phonological loop

   • 1 slave system
   • Temporary store
   • Limited capacity
   • deals with auditory info
   • Confusion over similar sounding words
   • Trojani and Grossi
     • reported a case of a patient who had brain damage
     • affected PL but not VSS
     • 2 separate systems

7. Visuo-spatial sketchpad

   • Inner eye
   • Non phonological info
   • temp store for visual and spatial info
   • Helps navigation
   • Smith
     • PET scans
     • brain activation in left hem
     • None in right hem-
     • visual cashe and inner scribe presents in the VSSP

8. Episodic Buffer

   • General store for operation
   • Limited capacity
   • Integrates info from all systems