Depression

Depression

1. definition and classification of depression

   • persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities. It can also disturb sleep and appetite
   • a leading cause of disability

2. Causes and risk factors of depression

   • Childhood experiences.
   • Life events
   • Styles of thinking
   • Family history

3. Clinical Presentation of Depression

   • Depressed mood
   • Anhedonia
   • Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or hopelessness
   • Sleep disorders (insomnia or hypersomnia)
   • Suicidal thoughts

4. Complications of Depression

   • Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
   • Pain or physical illness
   • Alcohol or drug misuse

5. sleep disorders in depression

   • Disorders affecting the sleep-wake cycle secondary to depression
     • Decrease in the amount of hours slept due to difficulty falling asleep or maintaining it
       • Present in 3/4 of depressed patients
     • The feeling of unusual tiredness despite having slept for 7 uninterrupted hours
       • present in 40% of young depressed adults & 10% of older patients

6. Somatization

   • expression of psychological or emotional factors as physical (somatic) symptoms
     • GIT problems
     • Headache, fatigue
     • pain
     • Caused by trauma / stress

7. Mental state examination

   • structured assessment of the patient's behavioral and cognitive functioning.
     • MSE covers symptoms & signs present during the interview
       • One sample of speech

8. Management of depression

   • NonPharmacological Management
     • Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
     • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

9. Self harm vs suicidal ideation

   • a coping strategy and not considered as mental illness
     • appear withdrawn, or more quiet or reserved than usua
   • get angry or upset easily
   • Talking about wanting to die or wanting to kill themselves

10. Epidemiology of Depression

    • The UAE has the highest regional level of depression
      • ¼ people experience mental health concerns

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