MEMORY

MEMORY

1. Levels of Processing

   • Craik + Tulving (1972)
     • Suggest that it is the way you think about information, that is important if you want to recall it.
   • The Levels
     • Structural Processing
       • How it Looks
         • Shallow
     • Phonetic Processing
       • How it Sounds
         • Middle
     • Semantic Processing
       • What it Means
         • Deep
     • D-Distinctiveness E-Elaborate E-Effort P-Personal Relevance
   • Information Processing
     • Superficial Sensory Terms
       • Rapid Decay
     • Phonologically Sensory Terms
       • Intermediate Decay
   • Rehearsal
     • Type 1
       • Information is rehearsed for a short time
       • Not likely to become a strong memory
     • Type 2
       • Memory reaches deeper level
       • Meaning is often tied to it
   • Evaluation
     • Positive
       • Processing pleasant meaning of words increases memorability
       • Wide applications
       • Explains memory durability differences of long term memory
       • Supported largely by brain studies
     • Negative
       • Descriptive accuracy
       • Not all memory is accounted for
       • Explicit memory recall only

2. Case Study

   • Aim
     • To investigate how deep and processing affects memory swell
   • Method
     • Participants were presented with a list of 60 words which they had to answer some questions
     • Some questions required the participant to process the word in each of the 3 levels
   • Procedure
     • Participants were given a long list of 180 words into which the original words had been mixed.
     • They were asked to pick out the original words
   • Results
     • Participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to visually processed words.
   • Evaluation
     • Very similar to LOP general evaluation
     • Lack of informed consent
     • Morris et al contradicted with task nature