Mechanisms 2

Mechanisms 2

1. Ability

   • Bottleneclk
     • Keeping track of all necessary elements to solve a problem
   • Savant
     • Abilities in those who do not show general cognitive ability e.g. autistic artistic/mathematical abilities
   • IQ is rank
     • To remain at 100 you must improve in intelligence at the average.  An increase or decrease in score indicates faster or slower than average improvement over time. 
   • Thurstone
     • 'g' comes from 7 abilities that happen to corrleate and come from different extents of similar causes e.g. home, school, nutrition

2. Opportunity

   • -Immediate predicts future progress -May have pre-existing problems e.g. Mary autistic -Language most vulnerable - may be critical period to utilising abilities  - One to one foster attachment critical  -If had stimulation from another (sibling or mother) seem to have done better 
   • Skeels
     • 25 orphans, some went to school with good facilities.  -IQ flipped so those who went to school had near normal IQ -Continued to do better in school and got better jobs
   • Anna
     • -Found at 5,11; malnourished -Developed motor/cog skills in foster home, attempted language -Died 10, 3 with 2,6 ability
   • Isabelle
     • -Secluded in dark with deaf mother until 6, 6 -SB 1, 7; produced speech after week and improved. -Normal at 8, 2 
   • PM & JM
     • -From 1, 8 to 6, 11 locked in cupboard -3, 0 general ability but rapid gains -10, 0 almost normal WISC verbal
   • Genie
     • -Found at 13, 7 physically restrained and punished for vocals  -Eager to learn and repeated words -16, 9 vocab at 5, 10 -17, 9 Ravens 11,0 
   • Alice & Beth
     • -With depressed mother from 1, 0 until 4, 11 -4, 11 - no speech, SB 3, 7 -6, 4 Alice normal WISC, Beth slightly below average
   • Mary& Louise
     • -Found at 2, 4 and 3, 6, L language 1, 0 -M at 13, 0 almost normal WISC but language 4, 0  - L no language problem at 13, 0
   • Adam
     • -Found at 1, 4 no stimulation, stomach problems -0, 3 general ability fostered at 2, 10 - 8, 9 WISC 113, no problems ar 13,10 

3. Effort

   • Personality predictors
     • Conscientiousness
       • Bratko 06-Best predictor of academic intelligence (N and E could go either way)
       • Poropat 09 - independent of general intelligence
     • Openness
       • Bratko 06 - Best predictor of intelligence tests
     • Facets
     • GRIT
   • Incentives
     • Monetary incentives increase test scores and more for lower scores - therefore disproportionately increase
   • Motivation
   • Personality and job performance
     • -Con. and low Neur. predict performance -C predicts number of occupations -Ext. predicts number of jobs with social interaction
     • Difficulties
       • Relationships with variables not straightforward e.g. conscientiousness in creative jobs? constructs not adaptable to all settings
       • Established measures not always considered first e.g. workplaces focus on skills needed for job 
   • Predictors of work
     • Academic
       • Dreary 07 - intelligence at 11 predicts GCSE at 16
     • Interviews
       • Hunter 84 - intelligence(.54) better predictor than CV (.37) previous experience (.18) and education (.10)
     • Job performance
       • Hough 02 - overall, poor behaviour, competence, effectiveness, teamwork, creativity