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ANCIENT EGYPT

1. Pharaoh

   • JOBS
     • To keep the gods and goddesses happy
       • Keep the god 'Hapi' happy
     • Make sure the people are happy
     • Ensure the gods look kindly on the people
     • To make sure the Nile floods
     • Enough food for the people
     • Make sure the Egypt Army is strong
     • Truth or Ma'at is the heart of Egyptian life
   • THE PHARAOHS HATS
     • The Nemes Headdress - This headdress was a blue and gold striped cloth and was the main crown of the pharaoh.
     • Double Crown - this crown is a combination of the white crown (lower Egypt) and the Red crown (Upper Egypt). It symbolises the joining of the lands and the pharaohs control over all of Egypt.
     • White Crown - The white crown symbolises the pharaohs control over Upper Egypt. It was worn only in things concerning Upper Egypt.
     • Blue Crown (the Khepresh) - This crown was a headdress made of blue cloth and decorated with gold or bronze discs. It was worn in battles and some ceremonies.
     • Atef Crown - The Atef crown was a white headdrress decorated with ostrich feathers. It was worn during religious rituals.
     • Red Crown - The red crown symbolises the pharaohs control over Lower Egypt. IT was worn for occasions involving Lower Egypt only.
   • The word Pharaoh means great house.
   • The pharaohs come into power from their fathers.
   • the pharaoh was both a king and a god.
   • Most of the pharaohs were male, however there were a couple female pharaohs e.g. Cleopatra and Hatshepsut.
     • Cleopatra
     • Hatshepsut
   • The 30 families that ruled Egypt were called dynasties.
   • The pharaoh owned most of the land in Egypt and made the law.
     • For any land that someone else owned, they had to pay high taxes to the pharaoh.
   • The Pharaohs were very important to The Egyptians as the Pharaohs controlled most of their lives.
   • SOME PHARAOHS
     • Tutankhamen

2. The Nile

   • THE SEASONS
     • Ahket - the flood season (from July to October)
     • Peret - the seed time (from November to February)
     • Shemu - the harvest time (from March - June)
   • the Nile Floods regularly
   • runs straight through Egypt
   • PAPYRUS
     • The Egyptians used this plant to make baskets, mattresses, ropes and even boats.
   • To the Egyptians the Nile was extremely important and most of their lives revolved around the Nile River.

3. Religion

   • VERY important to the Ancient Egyptians and featured heavily in all areas of living
     • The Egyptians believe that once you die you must pass through the weighing of the heart ceremony.
       • This is when ones heart is weighed against the Ma'at feather. If ones heart is heavier than the Ma'at feather, your heart is devoured by Ammit (a mythical beast). If your heart is lighter than the feather then you are welcomed into the afterlife by Osiris, where you life on forever.
   • CHAOS
     • the idea of chaos was very scary
     • Chaos was the time when there was nothing, it was known as the waters of Nun - there was nothing. On this land the gods popped up.
       • The god Osiris married Isis, becoming the first Pharaoh - he was very good at ruling. His brother, Seth, was jealous and killed him, forcing Isis to marry him.
         • Seth killed Osiris by getting him drunk, putting him into a magical box, which had a spell on it. The spell didn't allow anyone to get out of the box, once they had got in.
           • Isis managed to bring Osiris back to life long enough for her to become pregnant. She had the baby and named him Horus.
             • Seth had found out about the baby, suspected that she was pregnant, went and found Osiris and cut him up into many pieces. Then he spread Osiris' remains around Egypt. Isis then found the pieces and bandaged him up (mummification) and made him the ruler of the afterlife.
               • Horus (now grown up) then fought Seth for the rule of Egypt, one the battle and banished Seth to the red land (desert). Now every pharaoh is known as Horus.
   • GODS
     • Everything is related to gods, from bites to food. If you keep the gods happy, life will be good.
     • THE GODS
       • THOTH - a man with an Ibis head and holding a palette. Sometimes a baboon. He was the god of writing and knowledge.
       • RA/RE - a man with a hawk head and a headdress with a sun disk resting on it. Ra was the sun god and the most important god of Ancient Egypt.
       • SOBEK - a man with the head of a crocodile. Sobek was the god of military prowess and the Nile. Protected the people from the dangers of the Nile, such as crocodiles.
       • HORUS - Man with the head of a hawk. He was the god of the sky and the ruler of the world of the living.
       • ANUBIS - a man with a jackal head. He was the god of mummification.
     • HATHOR - a woman with cow horns and a sun disk. Goddess of fertility, dance and song, women, childbirth, perfume, joy and love.
     • OSIRIS - a man in white. He wears the Atef crown with two ostrich feathers and he holds the crook and flail.

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