Evolutionary Explanations of Group Display in Humans

Evolutionary Explanations of Group Display in Humans

1. Inc/ chances surviving, passing genes (EEA) (2-12 million yrs ago). Agg/ = competition resources + mates

2. Agg/ - bet/w groups. Group living= survive + reproduce (Waller, 2002). Nat/ selection - favour genes - view outsiders w/ hostility - affect how successful obtaining/keeping resources/mates

3. WARFARE

   • One cooperative coalition against another.
   • Successfully waging war - group status - access to land, resources, mates. More agg/ + successful = survive, pass genes.
   • Extreme agg/ = injury/death. Evolutionary purpose = benefits (e.g.) must outweigh costs (e.g.) to consider..
   • Ev/ - traditional societies similar to ancestors (EEA). Warfare = modern tribal societies, Yamomamo, Amazon. Rival villages (Chagnon, 1968) - conflict access to women, improve status of tribe
   • Pinker (1977) - modern day - outcome war - secure access to women. UN report, 20-50,000 Bosnian women raped - "rape camps" to impregnate women - new generation Serb children

4. SPORTS

   • Costs so great - modern society tribal warfare replaced - ritualised group displays - serve same evolutionary functions e.g...without injury/death
   • Rugby union - Maori Haka - ritualised... strength, skill - intimidate opposition + attract females who select winning males for reproductive success on basis of genetic fitness
   • Club colours, chanting - intimidate opposition, arouse supporters, inc/ identification - shows dominance, ensures survival, attracts mates
   • Football crowds - Marsh (1978) - obs/, interviews w/ supporters - group threat displays (chanting) - symbolic show of strength - who would win without violence
   • Trivizas (1980) - analysed no. + type offenses football matches. Very few serious injury. Achieve dominance without risk...
   • Actual violence occurs - opposing sides see selves equally dominant. Inc/ violence at international / local team matches (Evans + Rowe, 2002). Meaningful battle group dominance - risk injury

5. IDA - SOCIALLY SENSITIVE RESEARCH - outside control, excuses crimes (rape in war). Reducing individual guilt - consequences for society

6. IDA - ALTERNATIVE APPROACH - SLT - learning is important component. Not complete explanation

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