U24180

U24180

1. The Self

   • Subjective, idea of continuity - William James. How we measure the self, self-knowledge
     • Neisser - ecological, interpersonal, extended, private and conceptual selves
     • James - I and Me
     • Memories are important in the self - role of consciousness, neurobiolgical route e.g. DMN, clinical groups, children
   • Cognitive processes e.g. recognition , attention, how we measure self (scientific or humanistic?)
   • Consciousness & Freud
     • Criteria to meet to have a sense of self
       • Does AI meet this?
   • Attachment - stability of self, context of relationships, stable over time (Bowlby), internal working model, Ainsworth
     • Psychodynamic
   • Self is determined from culture
     • WEIRD vs other cultures
       • Maslows's hierarchy
     • Determinism
       • Sperry - opposite idea. It's all biology
         • Against behaviourism
       • Behaviourism
   • Psych is trying to be a science by studying an unobservable concept in an observable way
   • Self enhancement
     • Freud - repressing traumatic memories
       • Wilson - biased to retrieve positive memories
         • Crime and reconstructive memories - Loftus and Palmer
           • Bartlett. Allport & Postman - stereotypes
         • Reminiscence bump, primary and recency effects
         • Amnesia
           • Do amnesics/memory impairment lose sense of free will? Choices they may have once had as a result of their own being are no longer available
             • By losing free will do they lose their sense of self?
               • Could link dementia and depression - if you don't know who you are then how can you be happy?
     • Concept of self determined by memories
       • Deterministic? Memories are experiences from environment (behaviourist) or they are created by neurons (biological)
   • Comparative psych - is it the same with animals? Imprinting in ducks, neonatal imitation and how we build up relationships/sense of self - awareness
     • AI could have a self - they have a memory of what they've learned
       • AI may not have a self - no self-awareness, self esteem, ToM, self regulation - depends on view of self, holistic or reductionist

2. Do I have a choice?

   • Physics - everything predetermined, cannot change past or present actions (Hodgson, 2011). Vihvelin (2013) - determinism contrasts way we experience life, incompatible argument
     • I A - if determinism is true we are never able to do otherwise, if we can never do otherwise then we have no free will
       • Self - you will always be who you are (actual self), no perceived or ideal self
         • Mental health problems - lack of congruence between actual and ideal self - Seligman & learned helplessness
           • Deci & Ryan - having choices allows us to reach optimal psych health because we've made that decision
             • James - routes.
     • Determinism - Darrow
     • Chaos theory/butterfly effect - everything is predetermined
     • Vihvelin - we have different levels of complexity for choices we need to make
       • Narrow ability with intrinsic properties, wide abilities - doing narrow ability in certain situations
     • Libet - using experiments you can see conscious will and responsibility - critiques.
       • We don't know enough about neurobiology so can't say whether everything is determined
     • Quantum mechanics - compatibility between free will and determinism. Universe is deterministic but there are some things we can't explain which suggests free will
     • Sperry - free will is BS. Must look at brain which shows that it's deterministic
       • Spinelli - holism
     • Culture - individualism vs collectivism. Make choices for yourself vs others
       • How should we do psych? Critical psych - must adopt more than one point of view
     • Personal transformation - change. It's our choice to make this change - authentic self
       • Humanistic approach - congruence if deterministic, but with free will we can choose to change and achieve perceived self
         • Is your self determined or can you choose who you want to be?

3. Behaviourism & Cog

   • Observable behaviour, reaction to W&F, no free will, all behaviours learnt from environment
     • Links to choice, W&F, cog (black box), science and psych, comparative (use animals in studies/compare), determinism, critical psych
     • Closed system, empirical, links to AI as we learn from environment
       • S R links and AI with determinism. AI and behaviourism developed at same time
   • Cog reaction to behaviourism/black box
     • Computer models, development of technology, internal mechanisms
       • Soft determinism, TOTE mechanisms. We can adapt and change.
       • CBT, links to behaviourism.
       • Links to AI with computers, Marr - brain is hardware and mind is software, neurons
         • W and monism
       • Empirical, testable, takes into account individual differences more than behaviourism
         • Mix of scientific method and unobservable mechanisms

4. How should we do psych?

   • Popper - falsification, absolute truths. Psychology can never achieve absolute truths, falsification is the closest
   • Critical psych
     • Holzkamp - critiqued mainstream psych. Subjedtivity, environmental influence, other perspectives
       • Psych should be open system, but this goes against "science"
     • We are not separtate from nature, we interact reciprocally
       • Links to social psych
     • Wanted psych to be socially embedded - Vygotsky.
     • Praxis!
   • What are the best ways to measure humans - Roger.
   • Open minded, deals with everything about a person as opposed to biology/medicine which just targets physical self
     • But IQ and personality tests, for example, is very reductionist
       • Psych used to want to be scientific/reductionist but now we include more "unscientific" factors

5. Comparative

   • Ontology - comparing humans and animals, we all evolved, adaption, function and mechanism
     • Humans are generalists - we can do everything, no niche
     • ToM studies in childhood - childhood very specific to humans
       • Chomsky - can't compare animals and humans - humans are unique e.g. language
       • Neonatal imitation important for humans and chimps
       • AI does not evolve with a childhood? So then can we build a human/mind?
   • Links to critical psych - social evolution and culture, behaviourism and learning from environment, determinism - evolution which goes against behaviourism

6. Can we build a mind?

   • The mind is a computer, monism, brain is hardware and mind is software
     • Computation = mental processing, no physical manifestation. Made of binary digits / neurons, no physical entity
     • Cog psych - reductionist, mechanistic
   • Behaviourism - humans are machines who learn from environment/interactions, as do computers
   • Do I have a choice - ethics and morals
     • If we build a mind we can build humans, therefore there's no free will as it's all determined
     • AI cannot have morality/sense of self/self-awareness
       • No understanding/learning so therefore no intelligence?
         • Brown et al. - toaster
       • Consciousness - Freud
       • Implications for law - AI cars: whose fault if someone dies?
         • Determinism - if humans made the car/AI then it's human's fault
   • How to test intelligence - Turing test, IQ
     • Reductionist, what is science

7. What is science?

   • Science is high quality, merit, highly esteemed, empiricism, testability and falsification
     • Wundt and friends, behaviourism, cognitive, bio want psych to be science
     • Freud and co. created psychoanalysis - not science according to Popper
     • Open and closed systems
       • Lawson and autism - closed system
       • Science is closed system - male dominated idea
         • Influenced by culture, society, trends, media
         • Political neutrality

8. Wundt & Freud

   • Wundt - science of experience. Cognitive aspects, reaction times, time perception, attention
     • Accepted higher mental processes couldn't be studied using his experimental methods
       • Used SR response to deconstruct the mind into certain areas
       • Folk psychology studied social customs, laguage and morals
         • Made psych closed system/scientific
     • Influenced mainstream psychology by saying how it should be done
       • Internal perception/introspection
         • Subjective, reductionist
       • Understood complexity of human mind
   • Freud
     • Psychdynamic approach - abnormality. Unlocking unconscious
     • Aspect of nature and nurture, micro (parents/attachment) and macro (society, behaviourism)
     • Case studies - Little Hans can be explained by behaviourism
     • Issue of falsifiability - not possible so cannot say if it's scientific (Popper)
     • Not observable
     • Specific methodoloy so not generalisable e.g. sexist!
       • Women are more open system so is it even valid to generalise it to women?
     • Too much reliance on adult personalities and childhood memories (unreliable)
     • Influenced many people e.g. Jung. Geselle (1967) supports bodily interest findings.
     • Counselling based on Freud, but CBT is more effective
     • The self - attachments and unconscious processees
     • Subjective

9. Psychologies of the social

   • Individualisation and how we work in groups, relationship b/w people and society
     • Folk psych - social customs etc, Durkheim - social facts cant be reduced to psychological processes
     • Subjective, influenced by media, Americanised
     • Original - Thomas & Znanieki, differentiation b/w groups
       • Reductionist
         • Allport and group behaviour, Asch - scientific/empirical approach
         • Determinist - Zimbardo
     • Development of self
     • Group mind - Le Bon. Transformational and non transformational
       • The self - self awareness
       • Biased - LB hated groups