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ESL Approaches & Methods

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Approaches
- Grammatical Approach
  - Behaviorisim
  - teacher-centered
  - memorizing language rules and sentence patterns
  - isolated from meaningful context
  - outdated; considered historical
  - application
- Communicative Approach
  - Constructivism
  - research-and theory-based approach
  - emerged in the 1960s
  - communication for a purpose
  - Connected to ICB and Sheltered Instruction
  - application
- Cognitive Approach
  - connected to the CALLA Method
  - cognitive, psychological side of learning
  - Learning as ...
    - knowledge construction
    - knowledge acquistion
    - a response to acquisition
  - discovering, recognizing, conceiving, judging, reasoning, reflecting
  - child-centered
  - application
Methods
- Integrated Content-Based Method
  - thematic units
  - content-based
  - links language development with academic content
  - emphasis on a safe, supportive classroom environment
  - multiple groupings, collaborative learning
  - speaking, listening, writing, reading
    - communicative approach
  - visuals and graphic organizers
- Sheltered Method of Instruction
  - comprehensible, relevant, motivating
  - specifically emphasizes language and content objectives
    - communicative approach
  - visual cues
    - illustrations, graphics, realia, etc.
  - cooperative llearning
  - Types
    - SDAIE
    - SIOP
  - comprehensible input!
- CALLA Method
  - focus on higher order thinking skills
    - cognitive approach
  - strategy instruction, not content instruction
    - self-monitoring, elaboration, inferences, questioning, collaborative larning
  - 5 Phases
    - 1. preparation
      - prior-knowledge activation
    - 2. presentation
      - new material; frequent checks for understanding
    - 3. practice
      - student-centered, hands-on activities
    - 4. evaluation
      - reflection; self-assessment
    - 5. expansion
      - integrate new knowledge with existing knowledge
Herrera, S. & Murry, K. (2016). Mastering ESL/ELL Methods: Differentiated Instruction for Culturally and Linguistically DiverseStudents. Boston, MA: Pearson.