Types of Observation

Types of Observation

1. Structured = Often done by the use of behaviour categories. Researchers may use a checklist of behaviours to record the P's behaviour. Rating behaviours on scales or coding behaviour

   • Strengths = Behaviour is recorded in a consistent manner so the data is more reliable and as the process is standardised it could be easily replicated.
     • If observers are trained and practised in the use of the system, this should account for high inter-rater reliability (consistency between observers)
   • Weakness = Unexpected behaviours will be difficult to deal with

2. Unstructured = Researchers may simply try to record what Ps actually do as it occurs so instead of waiting for examples of the behaviour to occur they record anything that relates to what they're observing

   • Strengths = Allows the researcher to access data without the constraints of a pre-determined checklist and this caters for unexpected behaviour.
   • Lower chance of inter-rater reliability when comparing records because observers are not following a pre-dtermined checklist.

3. Participant = a way of collecting data so that the Ps behaviour is recorded by a researcher who is engaged with them as part of the social setting.

   • Strength = High in ecological validity, an observer effect should be avoided
   • Weakness = Observer effect, may adversely affect personal relationships. = Observer bias

4. Non-participant = a way of collecting data so that the Ps behaviour is recorded by a researcher who is not engaging with them as part of the social setting.

   • Weakness = Practical problems e.g. obstructed view

5. Overt = Researching while the role of the observer is known to Ps

   • Strength = Allows researchers easy access to Ps as well as the use of equipment with which to record data
     • If observers are trained and practised in the use of the the system being used there should be high inter-observer reliability
   • Weakness = Observer effect

6. Covert = research in which Ps are unaware that they are being watched

   • High in ecological validity, observer effect should be avoided
   • Raises ethical issues as consent may not have been gained. Practical problems

7. Naturalistic = a research method in which behaviour is viewed in the Ps' normal environment are recorded without interference from the researchers in either the social or physical environment

   • Strength = High in ecological validity, Observer Effect should be avoided
   • Weakness = Consent might not be gained

8. Controlled = a research method in which behaviour is recorded by the researchers in situations in which there has been some manipulation

   • Strength = Ethical, as consents gained. Easy access to Ps and equipment
   • Observer Effect