LTM : encoding and retrieval - created from Mind Map

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Encoding: process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM(coding is the form in which information is represented e.g visually or by its sound)

Retrieval: process of transferring information from LTM to working memory

Ways to encode

Take away: memory retrieval is affected by how it is encoded

affects retrieval

Elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal maintains information in STM/WM but not effective in transferring to LTM

more effective; occurs when thinking about the meaning of an item or make connections between the item and something you know.

Craik and Lockhart: Levels of processing theory

memory is determined by depth of processing an item receive

Depth of processing is determined by nature of of task during encoding

Beaten: Too ambiguous

Shallow processing

Deep processing

note there is medium as well

Craik and Tulving Experiment to illustrate varying depth

Involves little attention to meaning but occurs when attention is focused on physical features

occurs in maintenance rehearsal too, item is plainly repeated

Involves close attention, focus on item's meaning and relating to something else

Hard to define qn depth

circular reasoning: depth of processing has not been defined independently of memory performance

factors that aid encoding

Organization

Create connections

Active creation

Remembering words in a category serve as retrieval cue - a word or stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory

(Bower et al Information is presented in organized manner

Meaningful Framework

Spontaneous groupings)

Organizational trees

easier to comprehend, link one part of information to another to create meaning

Balloon experiment

placing words in complex sentences(Craik and Tulving)

forming visual images

Linking words to yourself

creates more connections between the word and other things which act as cue to help retrieval

Chicken experiment

Paired associate learning (Bower and Winzenz)

Ss who form mental picture of nouns have higher recall rate than those who repeated berbally

self-reference effect (T.B Rogers and coworkers): Memory is better if you asked to relate a word

Ss more likely to remember the word they rated as describing temselves

words become linked to themselves, they act as the retrieval cue

Generating Information

Testing

Generation effect(Slameka and Graf): Generating material yourself enhances memory and attention

Read group vs Generate group

(Roediger and Karpike) testing effect: enhanced performance after much delay

ways to help retrieval

Retrieval cues: words or other stimuli that help us remember information stored in our memory

Word

Conditions

Free recall vs Cued recall(presented with retrieval cue to aid in recall of previously experienced stimuli

Tulving and Pearlstone's experiment: 40 vs 75 percent in recall rate

Tylo Mantala: 600 nouns, 3 words associated with each for recall

90% see noun+ generated on their own

55% see noun+ given words

17% no noun + given words

matching conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed in encoding

encoding specificity: matching context/location when encoding and retrieval occurs

state-dependent learning: matching the internal mood present

transfer-appropriate processing: matching task involved

Godden and Baddeley "diving experiment": best result when encoding and retrieval occurred in same location

Harry Grant et al : Ss listened to background noise of cafeteria, Ss did better when study and test condition match

learning associated with particular internal state

(Eich and Matcalfe) memory is better when mood is the same

Ss listen to happy or sad music to put into positive or negative mood, learn the words(encoding), 2 days later set in happy or sad mood and put to test

Donald Morris: meaning vs rhymiing condition

rhyming condition Ss do better as they experienced the same task during encoding and retrieval - based on sound

1. deeper processing at encoding does not always result in better retrieval as LOP propose

Matching encoding and retrieval task result in better retrieval(over and beyond LOP)